Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of youth justice policies in England and Wales since 1997 Essay

IntroductionWhen travail took forthice in 1997 they cl calculateed that they would be tough on curse and the ca practises of abhorrence. The number 1 6 months were unprecedented, with six ac hit the hayledgment documents organism released on offspring and crime each containing its own proposals these were first published in Tackling jejuneness Crime, Reforming Youth Justice (Labour 1996). To start this move I provide first discuss Labours 1997 purity Paper, No more(prenominal)(prenominal) excuses A virgin come along to tackling young crime in England and Wales, where insurance policy was laid out and thus later legislated in The Crime and inconvenience cause 1998. From this I get out evaluate the weaknesses and say-sos of the divers(a) elements of this policy which will include the aims of the youth jurist schema. then in the second expose move to evaluate the abolition of the doli incapax, the fixation commit and p atomic number 18nting clubhouse.Thirdly I will evaluate the sister safety arrangement, topical anaesthetic baby bird curfew, last-place ideal scheme, action invention order. The fourth part will be an evaluation of the de 10tion and training order and new arrangements for tell dawdles of 12-16 form olds. And finally the establishment of the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, Youth pique Teams and the duties of the topical anesthetic anaesthetic politics and other successionncies to make sure the availability of the captivate youth expertness operate. And then finally bring all my nameings together to produce a clear and comprehensive conclusion which I call up has many fortes and some weaknesses.The Labour g overnments 1997 White paper, No more excuses A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales is a document which directs out labours designme of reform for the youth referee organisation in England and Wales, it aims atomic number 18 a clear strategy to keep anger and r e- anger, that wrongdoers, and their p atomic number 18nts, face up to their offend conduct and take duty for it, earlier, more effective intervention when one- stratum-old deal first offend, faster, more efficient procedures from ar moderation to curse, partnership between all youth justice agencies to deliver a better, faster system root Office (1997). tally to the kinsperson Office (1997) the aim of the youth justice system is to thwart offending by young commonwealth. And the Crime and rowdyism Bill has in it a sine qua non that it is the duty of all people establish in the youth justice system to uphold these. The requirement covers all the youth justice agencies in England and Wales kindred the police, social services the probation services and others working in the Youth Offending Teams, the Crown prosecution service, defence solicitors, the prison house services and approachs and the way they deal with young heavy(a)s. The claim is that this will provide unit y between them all and that every hotshot is striving for the same purpose.The government will as well as complement this with a new proposal for a new Youth Justice Board for England and Wales who will give advice on how to deal standards and how to monitor performance. besides this will not take over or supersede practitioners previous roles, save will take them to understand their actions and choices when they deal with young people this bay window help to restrain offending and groundwork prevent avoid equal to(p) delays such as the medical prognosiss of offending when awaiting sentence mountain be reduced, besides making young people responsible for their own behaviours which suffer help youths understand and change their behaviours. withal federation and custodial penalties whose priorities atomic number 18 on the causes of offending which so-and-so be enforced can help. This duty that has been stated is a clear effectualness bringing the various agencies and services in the same line and having one clear aim of what the line of work ahead is this also eliminates any cloudiness that might energize existed.The government gibe to the Home Office (1997) proposes that an aim of youth justice system and the duty discussed previously and their practitioners would be back up by more complete, non statutory objectives for these agencies. These would support the proposals do by laborer Straws Youth Justice labour Force which is a variety of people and groups that stool a high knowledge of the system and absorb now issues of victims and representatives of the governmental departments.The Task Force stated their recommendations for preventing offending which were, a speedy administration of justice so that the accused event can be sorted out quickly, confronting offenders with the con dates of their actions, for themselves their families, victims and their communities. Punishment which reflects the seriousness and the diligence of the offending. Also to support reparation to victims by the offenders and to strengthen the responsibilities of boots and to help offenders to lodge their problems and to build a sense of the personal self. This is also strength as all involved have a good knowledge of the problems and the system and would be a good resource to the system to have. And also what the Task Force has recommended is also a good step forward as it is these that have debarped the system from being efficient.Moving onto the abolition of the doli incapax the reparation order and p arenting order. The doli incapax according to Muncie (2009275) In England and Wales, kidren fewer than 10 could not be found guilty of a venomous offence, and the law for many geezerhood believed that those under 14 were incapable of criminal intent. But during the 1990s the doli incapax, which had been in the law since the 14th century, was being challenged by both the right and the left. This was delinquent to the Bulger case , the policy was put under review by the conservatives afterward the 1994 proud Court ruling. Three years later it was abolished in the Crime and Disorder Act, the reasons given for this were so that they could convict young offenders who wreaked havoc on communities this was base on the fact that they believed that 10 and 13 year olds could capable of know between right and wrong.This was against what the UN had recommended for The UK which they had make in 1995 then 2002 to come in line with the rest of Europe simply the government went inwardnessly in the other direction. They gave no direction to the courts and to the youth offending teams that overall child welfare is the main term. This is a weakness as it contradicts what Labour had utter in there White Paper, and the fact that the YOTs would be confused with irrelevant policies. This legislation manages not to take the childs age into consideration and this can be seen just by looking at the rest of Europe are the children in the UK not the same.The reparation order is for young adults to understand the cost of their actions and to take obligation for them. What is asked is that they repair the damage caused right off to the victim through with(predicate) mediation if they both agree or to the community indirectly cleaning up graffiti and other tasks around the community. This would be managed by the YOT, this can be a real strength in the rehabilitation cover giving something back to the victims and the community and being able to see the damage they have caused helping to change their lives around.Also the parenting order which has been stated by the Home Office (1997) to be created so that it can give support to parents so they can control their children. The order requires parents bring up a counselling or guidance session once a week for 3 months and if the courts think that it is needed then a requirement to make sure that children attend school and to see that they get menage on a reliable time. This is also a strength as it forces parents to be responsible as some parents let their children do what they neediness to and so this is a good way of making parents act so that they can help their children from offending.Now moving onto the child safety order, which according to the Home Office (1997) has been developed to safeguard children who are under ten where there is risk that these children will be involved in crime or attributes of anti social behaviour can be seen. This could be available to local authorities in the family proceeding court. A court would be able to make a child stay at home at a certain time or banish them from going to certain places. They could also stop certain behaviours like truanting this could also be combined with a parenting order.And if these are not obeyed then the local imprimatur can start proceedings. The strength of this is a the combination of the cardinal orders as it can be about effective this way by handing r esponsibility 2 both parent and child giving maximal results. Then there is the Local child curfew which is for the Childs own good and to stop neighbourhood crime and disorder and states that children should not be out without watchfulness at night. This can be used by the local authorities and police yet they would have to get permission from the Home secretary. Also the council could then bar children under 10 from certain prevalent places after certain times. These can last for up to 90 days and if these are to be extended then police and local community. The strength of this is that it involves the local community so determine whats outflank for the members of their own community.Then there is the final monition where the Home Office (1997) has replaced the cautioning with a statuary police stir, what happens is that the police can decide to reprimand a child and give them a final warning or to bring criminal charges to the offender. What then happens is a community inte rvention programme is forced which makes the offender and his family address the causes this behaviour which can help solve the problem. What the final warning entails is that the first offence the offender can receive a reprimand by the police if the crime is not that serious and if it carries on then a another final warning or criminal charges can be pressed.But on no grounds must 2 final warnings be given. The strength of this is that it lets the offender know that they will be strict and will not put up with it again a final warning is a final warning. Also an action plan order which is like a community penalty for young offenders, this is a small, rigorous programme where community intervention is used combined with penalisation and rehabilitation so that the offenders behaviour can be changed and more crime can be stopped. The strength in this lies in the way that it uses various methods simultaneously like community intervention, punishment and rehabilitation which can sol e(prenominal)(prenominal) increase the chances of success.Moving onto and new arrangements for secure remands of 12-16 year olds. The Home office (1997) state that the government should have undeniable powers to remand to secure accommodation. For young people who are of the age 10-16 and are awaiting trial. And so The Criminal Justice Act 1991 and the Criminal Justice and Public social club Act 1994 include in its provisions to amend the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 which was to allow courts to remand 12-16 years olds directly to secure local permit accommodation with certain conditions.But this was not put into operation. The conservatives had started a mental synthesis programme which was for 170 new local authority secure places, there completion date was 1998. But Labour said that these would be not enough. And so declared to use the Crime and Disorder Bill to mechanism court ordered remand power on some groups of youths. precedence would be gives to 12-14s then gir ls of the age 15 and 16 and also boys of that age when places become available. This is due to courts believing that these children are vulnerable and they are emotionally and physically immature and so there is a danger that they could rail at themselves, this is also strength as it recognises that they are whitewash young but this also does contradict other policies in this White Paper which it does on many levels.Also detention and training orders, these will give powers the Home Office (1997) states can be used for 10-17 year olds and courts can use these only if it is a very serious crime and if they are brutal offenders and the court believes it is needed to protect the humans. This will also added to 10-11 year olds but would only be permitted by parliament if seen to be needed. The length of the sentence will be divided, half of it will be in hands and half in community control and this also could be set if good behaviour is seen. This is a good as it does not just im pose a detention where by this can harden the youth and in some cases lead to further crimes but with the community supervision would let the offender know that they have been given a chance to mend their ways.Then Maguire, Morgan and Reiner (2002560) discuss Labours new youth justice which is the forming of the Youth Justice Board (YJB) and the Youth offending Teams (YOTs) and also what takes place through this legislation is a restructure of non custodial penalties in the youth court. So considering Labours main aim of having a youth justice system which prevents offending by children and young adults, the way labour went about this is to impose order from the centre. There tools to enable this was a catalogue of legislations, also the then Home secretary Jack Straw formed a youth justice task force the aim of this was to keep a tight bear on with all the other agencies involved with young offenders. Due to the section 41 of the Crime Disorder Act the YJB had turned into a non de partmental public body which was then sponsored by the Home Office.The job of the YJB was to monitor the data track of the youth justice system and the provision of the youth justice services and also the national standards and establishing the right performance measures. What also the 1998 Act made possible was for the home secretary to give the board more powers which included the YJB becoming the commissioning body of all the placements that are under 18 in a secure facility on remand or have a sentence from the courts. The YJB was also given control over commissioning places including prison services YOTs, secure training centres (STCs) and local authority secure units. This is also strength as it brings together all the agencies under one roof you could say and so the aims are understood by all and are the same this can only help.This brings me to managerialism, the reason the YJB and the YOTs were set up in the first place was because according to Muncie (2009297) investigati ons from the Public Accounts Committee, scrutinise commission and the National Audit Office recommended and supported subjugating professional skills separate managerial ideals of what works, which could attach certain resources to credible and successful outcomes and which could initiate responsibility to law and order from a central state to a sequence of semi independent local partnerships which will include privatized bodies and voluntary agencies. speech such as individual need, rehabilitation, reformation, penal purpose and due process are replaced by techniques of classification and actuarialism, risk assessment and resource focusing changes all the earlier understanding of law and order from understanding motivations of crime to making crime bearable through universal coordination. This is a total difference from earlier ways and managerial system is thought to bring down the standard or expectations of what a government can achieve in the youth justice system. This to m e is a weakness as it is being go bad like a business which always has its priorities in cost and reduction, but also I can see strengths to as it can be more efficiently encounter with professionals running it with the right knowledge.The Act also contained anti social behaviour orders. Muncie (2009317) explains that they are usually refer to a variety of things such as youths that hang out causing interrupt making a nuisance of them and to their neighbours, making noise, vandalising property, littering, and causing graffiti to public property and drunkenness. This has been a priority in England and Wales, the key to New Labour was to strengthen the ability of the criminal justice system so they could litigate disorder and the lack of respect but serious crimes too as it was clear that disorder was rising and was affecting neighbourhoods and also that it was a sign of times to come more serious crimes.The police and courts were said to be powerless against the nuisance and the anti social behaviour that was being caused and that this was being mixed in with impunity. Second at the centre was a program and wish not just to reduce crime and disorder, but to progress a process of civil renewal and civic responsibility. Third the gloomy windows theory was taken aboard a it was believed that a failure to guide zero tolerance policing of lesser serious offending and signs of disorder could only further destroy already deprived and marginalized communities.The Anti social behaviour order (ASBO) was the flagship of New Labour in their 1998 Crime and Disorder Act. Muncie (2009318) explains that this is a civil not a criminal order and can be given by the police and local authority to anyone that is over 10 years of age whose behaviour can cause alarm, distress or even harassment. The minimum time an order can last is two years. But if you breach the order it will be treated as a criminal offence and the punishment for this can be up to two years in prison for juveniles and five years for adults. plastered local authorities went even further and started to experiment with Acceptable conduct Contracts (ABCs) which were for even lower levels of behaviours and for lower ages those below for ten years of age.And if they are given an order then they must agree and to take steps to correct their behaviour, the steps will be decided by local youth offending team (YOT) and their parents must also agree on the steps. Initially when the ASBO was introduced it was said that it was for adults that were nuisances to their neighbours, but this statement was later changed and became for young people and areas that high crime rates became the targets of this order. The Home office review, 58% were made on under 18 year olds and a further 16% on those aged between 18 and 21. There are certain steps in this that are positive but to me there are inherent weaknesses to, like to give anti social behaviour order and lock youths in their houses and stop them from going into certain locations can work but does not address the real problem, and Labour could move and find the cause of these problems as this to me is just breeding further adult criminals and as we have seen lately getting an ASBO is something to show off so misdirect it entirely.So to conclude I have found that Labour have a lot of strengths in their Youth Policy but have inherent weaknesses which stem from various contradictions in the policy. The strength that I have found are first of all is the duty that has been put into the legislation, which brings various agencies and services together, which unifies them and sets a main agenda that all must flummox to as it is in the legislation to follow the duty and eliminates any discombobulation that might have existed, and another strength is to support these by the task force which comprises of professionals and people in the field that can offer the best advice.Also the reparation order is a strength as it forces parents to be responsible as some parents let their children do what they want to and so this is a good way of making parents act so that they can help their children from offending and make them responsible. Then the child safety order, the strength of this is a the combination of the two orders as it can be most effective this way by handing responsibility 2 both parent and child giving maximum results. Then the local child curfews strength lies in the way it involves the local community so determining whats best for the members of their own community. Then there is the final warning where the strength in this lies in the way that it uses various methods simultaneously like community intervention, punishment and rehabilitation which can only increase the chances of success.Which brings me to secure remands of 12-16 year olds which is also a strength as it recognises that they are still young but this also does contradict other policies in this White Paper which it does on many levels, th e detention training programme has strength because it does not just impose a detention where by this can harden the youth and in some cases lead to a flavour of crime but with the community supervision would let the offender know that they have been given a chance to mend their ways. The forming of the YOTs and YJB is strength as it brings together all the agencies under one roof you could say, and so the aims are understood by all and are the same this can only help, and managerialism is strength as it can be more efficiently run with professionals in charge.Now I will just conclude my findings of the weaknesses which are the abolition of the doli incapax to me is a weakness as it manages not to take the childs age into consideration and this can be seen just by looking at the rest of Europe, are the children in the UK not the same. some other weakness is the ASBO to lock youths in their houses and stop them from going into certain locations can work but does not address the rea l problem, and Labour could try and find the cause of these problems as this to me is just breeding further adult criminals and as we have seen lately getting an ASBO is something to be proud off and to show off so demoralising the order entirely. There are strengths and weaknesses in this policy but I have found the strengths surmount the weaknesses.BibliographyHome Office, (1997), White Paper, No More Excuses A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and WalesMuncie, J. (2009), Youth and Crime, third edition, London, Sage publicationsMaguire, M. Morgan, R and Reiner, R. (2002), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Goldson, B. Muncie, J. (2006), Youth Crime and Justice, London, Sage PublicationsBaldock, J. Manning, N. and Vickerstaff, S. (2007), Social Policy, 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.