Mcmillan

There are many ideas that revolve around what is quality assessment. What can be done to make sure that we are ‘building proficiency in basic skills, closing achievement gaps, and fostering the top notch knowledge and skills that students will need in a competitive global society’ (Scherer, 2009, p. 5). The following paper identifies five key aspects of what represents quality assessment. The method of assessment can influence a student’s motivation and achievement. A student’s performance can be improved through their involvement in the assessment process and enable them to take responsibility for their own learning. McMillan states that by allowing a student to be involved in the grading criteria and apply those criteria to their work a teacher may increase the student’s motivation to learn and succeed. (McMillan 2000) Every student has an individual learning style, McMillan states that using multiple methods of assessment a teacher can shape the way students understands, processes, and uses information. By doing this a complete picture of what students understand can be compiled. Using multiple methods can assist to address each student's strengths and weaknesses. (McMillan 2000) Just as assessment impacts student learning and motivation, it also influences the nature of what is being taught. (McMillan, 2000) McMillan states that when assessment is incorporated with instruction it informs teachers what activities and assignments would be most useful, and what level of teaching is appropriate, where her students are, when to ask more questions, when to give more examples and what responses to student questions is most appropriate (McMillan 2000). Fair and ethical assessment ensures that all students are given a level playing field, which they are given the opportunity to demonstrate what they know. The Standards presents four views of fairness: as absence of bias (e. g. , offensiveness and unfair penalization), as equitable treatment, as equality in outcomes, and as opportunity to learn. ’ (McMillan 2000) Teachers have limited time, they need to be able to achieve a balance between providing to provide a full understanding of study material and score re sults. Therefore the efficiency of assessments needs to be considered. There are many facets that exist within the process of assessment that can influence a student’s enthusiasm and achievement. Teachers need to recognise the ability of students to take control of their own achievement and accept responsibility for their own learning. Clay, M. (2002) An observation survey of early literacy achievement. New Zealand. Heinemann Education. Code of fair testing practices in education (1988). Washington, DC: Joint Committee on Testing Practices (American Psychological Association). Retrieved from http://ericae. net/code. htm McMillan, J. H. (2001). Essential assessment concepts for teachers and administrators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Publishing Company. McMillan, James H. (2000). Fundamental assessment principles for teachers and school administrators. Practical Assessment, Research ; Evaluation, 7(8). Retrieved from http://PAREonline. net/getvn. asp? v=7;n=8 McMillan, J,H. (2011). Classroom Assessment Principles and practice for effective standards-based instruction. Boston USA: Pearson Education Inc. Schafer, W. D. (1991). Essential assessment skills in professional education of teachers. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 10, (1), 3-6.

Are Emotion and Reason Equally Necessary in Justifying Moral Decisions Essay

In analyzing human behavior and human thought processes it can be said that reason and emotions are always present in each major decision. There is no human being, even the most morally upright or the most unbiased observer can make crucial moral decisions without having to have felt the power of reason and the equally powerful emotions in his mind and body. If Emotion and Reason are taken together and if the proponent of this paper will not be given the freedom to choose one from the other then the answer to the query is no. There is no need to have the combined benefit of emotion and reason to justify a moral decision. But if allowed a free hand one should insist that Reason is necessary in justifying moral decisions. This paper will look into the implications of using Emotion and Reason in matters regarding moral decisions. This will be done by finding out what is the meaning of emotions and reason in the world of epistemology. But even before that there is a need to have a review of epistemology the theories on how human beings acquire knowledge. Background Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that deals with how man attains knowledge. For many the getting of knowledge from reading, observing the external environment and by doing experiments can be taken for granted. But for philosophers it is not simply about getting data and then having the ability to describe what was observed and inferred afterwards. Philosophers are persistent that man knows the exact process and if there is none then one should suspect if there is actual learning that occurred after all. With this in mind it is time to introduce two diverging schools of thought when it comes to epistemology and how man exactly acquires knowledge. The first group of philosophers believes that human beings can get knowledge using pure reason. It is the use of the rationale mind, to think using logic to deduce and infer from what can be observed. It is easy to say â€Å"reason† but it is difficult to explain the actual processes of how man looks at the different pieces of the puzzle and then be able to see the whole picture and finds a pattern or connection. Reason is the man’s secret weapon and allows him to reign supreme in this planet. There is no other creature that can use the harness the awesome power of reason in the same way as a human being. A good example is on how man can deduce that certain plants are edible while others are lethal. It is common knowledge that man learns to distinguish between a tasty snack and a vine of poison by observing animals around him. This is probably the same technique used to discover that the seeds hidden behind the coffee pod are not only edible but also a source of one heavenly drink. Without the ability to reason it would have been impossible for man to realize that there is something in that coffee pod after observing the goat or maybe birds taking a liking for the sweet fruit. Another example of reason is in finding a pattern and consistency in natural occurrences such as typhoons, fruiting seasons, gestation period etc. Using reason man was able to build a system where he can begin to tame nature and enjoy her benefits. He can plant and expect harvest. He can build shelter and expect to be protected by an upcoming storm. Man can also reproduce his kind and even multiply his flocks knowing pretty well that there are certain laws in nature that he can rely upon and all these are possible by unleashing the power of reason. Diverging Stream Another school of thought when it comes to the acquirement of knowledge is called empiricism. The empiricists believe that it gaining knowledge through reason alone is suspect. They argue that reason can be influenced by many factors and they conclude that biases and prejudices can interfere in the process. This is understandable because for thousands of years man has postulated about something and made predictions about the future only to be made a fool at the end. This is because reason has its limits. It is at this point that that man is advised not to jump to conclusions. Empiricists will assert that accurate knowledge is only possible if man avails of his senses. The eyes to use to see and measure; the hands used to grasp and determine shape; the ears to hear and determine sound; the nose for determining smells; and the tongue for taste. Emotions are feelings and better yet it is a reaction that a person can observe after the body and the mind – or the heart – is exposed to certain external factors. For example, a mother sees her baby crying because she had not eaten the whole day. The mother has no money to buy milk and she too begins to cry. Her emotion – can be labeled as sadness – tells her that her mind and body does not agree to the image that she saw which is her poor baby experiencing acute hunger. There is another view of emotions which can be very helpful in this study. There are those who assert that emotions are not only act as messengers that tell a person whether something good or bad has occurred but they can be feelings that propels a person to do what is right even when faced with great odds. Jaggar remarked that, â€Å"†¦it is appropriate to feel joy when we are developing or exercising our creative powers, and it is appropriate to feel anger and perhaps disgust in those situations where humans are denied their full creativity or freedom† (1996, p. 82). A good example of such an occurrence was again given by Jaggar who wrote, â€Å"Certain emotions may be both morally appropriate and epistemologically advantageous in approaching nonhuman and even the inanimate world Jane Goodall’s scientific contribution to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior seems to have been made possible only by her amazing empathy with or even love for these animals† (1996, p. 182). To those who are familiar with Goodall’s case will admire her courage and determination considering that she had to travel to Africa and be removed from the comforts and security of Western society and be immersed in a hostile environment, not with humans but with wild animals. It is a good instance of how emotions guided someone to do something heroic. It is easy to understand what emotions can do to lift ordinary humans to strive for things that exceed his grasp. Emotions can fire-up a person and allow him to go where no one has gone before. The history of the United States is replete with examples where tough moral decisions were justified with the cry for freedom and equality. But there is also a counter-argument that emotions are not needed to do justify moral decisions. Reason alone should be enough to move a person to do what is right. This is because emotions can be subjective. And there is no need to furnish volumes of scientific material to prove that point. Emotions can even be counter-productive when used to analyze tough moral decisions as evidenced from the results of a new study published in Newsweek. According to Wray Herbert – writing for Newsweek (2008): A large and growing number of psychologists now argue that a welter of prejudices are simmering just below the surface of society: prejudices against many ethnic groups, against women, gays, the elderly, and outsiders like the homeless and drug addicts. The big question is whether these unconscious animosities are potent enough to actually shape our actions, to make us do things we ourselves find shameful. A new study suggests that, unhappily, the answer is yes. Conclusion The question whether emotion and reason are equally necessary to justify moral decisions is a double-headed query that should have been simplified by separating emotion and reason; rephrasing it in two separate questions: 1) Is emotion necessary to justify moral decisions and 2) Is reason necessary to justify moral decisions. If this is possible then the proponent of this study will say no to the first and then say yes to the second question. But since the main topic used the phrase equally necessary then the answer is no meaning there is no need to bring both emotion and reason to the process of analysis of the problem and ultimately giving the justification for a moral decision. To clarify what is meant by using emotion in the decision process, one has to revisit the example of Jane Goodall and his work with endangered species, it was her strong feelings of emotions, specifically empathy that allowed her to do so much. Using this understanding of emotion the proponent still cannot endorse the use of emotion to judge a moral case because even with strong emotions one can still be mistaken. An excellent example would be the events that transpired in Germany in World War II. The residents of this nation enthusiastically embraced the idea given by Hitler that Jews deserve nothing but death and suffering. The majority agreed or at least the Nazis agreed that this is fact, even truth and they are responsible for the death of 6 million Jews. If one will go to Germany today and present the same ideas to present day Germans they will surely not react with the same fervor as they did in the time of Hitler but they will recoil in horror. This is a clear example of the subjectivity of emotions and therefore not needed to analyze tough moral issues.

Walmart - International Logistics and Supply Chain Management Assignment

Walmart - International Logistics and Supply Chain Management - Assignment Example The chain store is renowned for its efficient supply chain management and control practices, which have enabled it to perform beyond the reach of its competitors in the consumer goods industry (Kallrath & Maindl, 2006). In particular, the company has employed state-of-the-art technologies in most of its operations to help improve service delivery. For instance, starting with bar coding to hasten its supply chain operations, Wal-Mart was among the first companies to follow up bar coding with RFID programs. Although the initial rollout of its RFID tagging programmes flopped, the current rollout, which started in 2010 is expected to be successful (Ingram et al., 2010). In fact, the latest rollout of Wal-Mart’s RFID program really excited its suppliers and vendors with the prospects of better and more efficient operations and increased profits. This paper explores Wal-Mart’s in-house fleet advantages and disadvantages, evaluates its state-of-the-art technologies and cross-d ocking operations. The Benefits of Cross-Docking to Wal-Mart In general terms, cross docking involves turning the demands from a company’s retail stores into purchase orders, which are then forwarded to manufacturers or suppliers (Kumar et al., 2009). The manufacturers then notify the stores about their capacity to produce and deliver the ordered goods in a timely manner. Once produced within the stipulated period, the goods are sent to a staging area where they are packed according to the procurement orders from different stores (Kumar et al., 2009). The goods are then delivered directly to the customers. The pre-requisites of docking are rather basic and easily monitored. The fundamentals pre-requisite are strong building foundations that support the entire cross docking process. The second pre-requisite is dedicated and experienced drivers who recognise and believe in prioritizing customer service above other things. Once employed, the drivers are filtered and assigned dut ies according to their capabilities. Further, the drivers’ reliability and competence to follow the laid down standards should be assessed. Wal-Mart also ensures that its drivers are committed to the standards set in the Private Fleet Driver Handbook. The drivers’ progress is then constantly monitored by the company so that the company is assured of the competence and reliability of its drivers. Fleet coordinators are also important in Wal-Mart’s cross docking operations as they inform drivers on expected time of arrival, departure and delivery of goods, which are quite precise according to Wal-Mart’s standards. Several changes had to be implemented in Wal-Mart’s managerial control if their cross-docking programmes were to be successful. Prior to the adoption of cross-docking, the company’s pricing, promotion and merchandising decision were centralised (Mentzer, 2001). However, with the implementation of cross-docking, focus was shifted to t he â€Å"demand chain† instead of the common supply chain. That is, instead of allowing retailers to push goods into the company’s shelves; customers did more of the pulling, according to their demands, tastes and preference (Kumar et al., 2009). Cross-Docking Saves Companies Time and Money Savings on time and money are the two most obvious and far-reaching benefits that Wal-Mart enjoys from using cross-docking. First, the company has the capacity not only to receive goods immediately but also the

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 3 Case PowerPoint Presentation

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 3 Case - PowerPoint Presentation Example Tenets of Servant Leadership In 1970, Robert Greenleaf first described what he called the ‘servant leader’. This is an individual whose first aspiration is to serve, and subsequently makes a conscious choice to aspire to lead. Leadership in this sense is in aid of service, which is in stark contrast with an individual who would first aspire to lead before he or she would serve. For the servant leader, serving is not a task, but a calling; he does not exert effort, as much as surrender to the natural inclination, to render service. Servant leaders generously impart their lofty ideas to those who would listen. ‘Servant leaders thrive on the opportunity to share ideas, because the process of sharing creates accountability for the results that are generated from their actions’ (Savage-Austin & Honeycutt, 2011, p. 53). Persons in positions of authority are wary of their utterances, mindful that they shall be held to what they say, when what they said was void of conviction when they said it. Servant leaders are not afraid to express their beliefs because they live their lives consistently with these beliefs. Greenleaf had a clear and substantial view of servant leadership. He identified ten principles of servant leadership (2013). ... John Quincy’s entire career was in service to the country, as diplomat, US senator, secretary of state, president, and in his post-presidential life he rendered 17 years of service as congressman. JQA’s achievements are many. He was U.S. minister to the Netherlands at the age of 27, and afterward he served in the Massachusetts State Senate and the U.S. Senate. During his return to diplomatic service he helped in the negotiation of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 that ended the War of 1812. He authored the Monroe Doctrine which defined U.S. foreign policy. He also negotiated with the United Kingdom concerning America’s border with Canada to the north, and with Spain on the matter of the annexation of Florida in the south. The weight of these achievements is such that their legacy has prevailed to the present, which is testament to JQA’s foresight and this uncanny ability to persuade, conceptualize, and communicate. They have made JQA one of the greatest secreta ries of state and diplomats in U.S. history (Herring, 2008). JQA’s presidency was austere and bereft of the pomp and pageantry surrounding the present-day White House, partly because Washington D.C. during his time was characterized by ‘tottery houses surrounded by mud and besieged by snakes, rats and bugs.’ (Simpson, 2012). However, it was also in no small due to JQA’s simple and unpretentious lifestyle. His biography describes JQA’s typical day as president: â€Å"While President of the United States, he was probably the first man up in Washington, lighted his own fire, and was hard at work in his library, while sleep yet held in its obliviousness the great mass of his

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Research - Essay Example In this paper, I use the characteristics of my five favorite journals to determine how suitable and relevant they are to my nursing profession. My five most favorite journals are The Australian nursing journal, Nephrology nursing journal, Association of operating room nurses AORN journal, American journal of public health, and British medical journal (International edition). All these journals contain information derived from the most current research. They all have several articles that cover a variety of topics. Different publisher has published the journals so in my selection I was not publisher bias. Moreover, they have different editor, which compares with their varying content. Most of these journals have nursing professions as their target audience. However, there are those whose target audience is the medical profession in general. As clearly understood, nursing profession is a medical profession and hence if a journal has medical profession as its target audience then it tar gets the nurses. According to Oermann & Hays (2010), the target audience of a journal can show whether the journal is relevant to a certain profession. Thus using this concept, I can say with confidence that these journals are very important in my training as a nursing student and in my profession as a practicing nurse. Another thing that shows the relevance in these journals as far as nursing profession is concerned is the type of articles they contain. Most of them contain knowledge about evidence based nursing practices and finding of various research undertaken on the medical care field. Nursing profession requires knowledge on evidence based practice and a lot of research for one to be proficient (Webb, 2011). Since all these journals provide this knowledge, they would be very relevant to my profession as a practicing nurse. The Relevance of My Journals To My Future Job   I have read several article in these journal and the knowledge I obtain from them have been very substant ial in my training as a nurse. From these journals, I managed to obtain knowledge on the most recent research undertaken on the health care field one of them being a research taken on Transitioning from peritoneal dialysis to renal transplant that found on the Nephrology nursing journal. From my reading of the journal, I have also come across various articles with very good information and health care. Since the nursing profession is based, on health care, such articles will be very relevant to this profession and thus I expect them to be very important to me as a nurse. According to Webb (2011), the role that research plays in nursing profession cannot be under-estimated. It is known that for a person to be proficient in this profession he should be undertaking research as frequently as possible. These journals contain information about most recent research undertaken by other nursing and medical profession as well as health care practice information. This can be very important to a nursing profession in his process of undertaking research. Since it will be my objective to become as much proficient as possible in nursing, I will be undertaking frequent research and hence these journals will be very relevant to my profession. The Journal I Would Choose and Why All these journals will be very relevant to my profession as a practicing nurse due to the content of the articles they contain. However, the degree of relevance to my profession differs from one journal to the other. This is indicated

American Dietary Guidelines Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Dietary Guidelines - Assignment Example The assignment "American Dietary Guidelines" discusses the dietary guidelines for Americans. With an exponentially increasing financial budget on managing diet-oriented chronic diseases, the American dietary guidelines play a crucial role in ensuring Americans focus on promoting health and minimization of disease. Weight management involves regulation of factors contributing to obesity and avoiding it. There are emphasize consumption low sodium and solid fats, sugars, and cholesterol, as well as alcohol as these, contribute to poor diet-related chronic diseases. The guidelines recommend the increase of foods with adequate nutrients, and that prevent diseases like whole grains, low-fat milk and fat-free milk products like lean meat eggs, peas, oils, and unsalted nuts and seeds. With the knowledge of what to eat, what not to eat, and how to balance one’s weight through calories, the guidelines provide information on how to define a healthy eating pattern in order to minimize the ir nutrient requirements.The major recommendations are for Americans to ensure they adhere to consuming balanced calorie intake while incorporating physical activity as a way of managing weight. Another recommendation is on consumption of increased amounts of some nutrients including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat, and fat-free products. Americans are urged to consume food that constitutes low amounts of saturated fats, sodium like salt, added sugars, cholesterol, trans fats, and refined grains.

Red Star The First Bolshevic Utopia is a dystopia rather than a utopia Essay

Red Star The First Bolshevic Utopia is a dystopia rather than a utopia because martian people exploited all their planets's resouces and planned to erradicate and colonize on another planet - Essay Example In addition, the novel is radical in nature in that, it shows how readers of utopia may consider a success; yet do not understand what the author meant (Aldridge 23-24). The red star written in 1905, at that time, socialism had already existed for several years in Mars in that, the inhabitants of Mars had sent expeditions to earth with the hopes of creating contacts between the two civilizations. It is interesting to note that the Martians feared cementing their relationship with people from the earth, so they decided to find earthling with good advanced and flexible constitution to hijack and take them back to Mars in order to acquaint him with the Martian civilization and culture, and at the end, return him to earth as their emissary. Their emissary, Leonid is convinced of the significance of the mission for which the Martians have picked him and on his expedition, he learns the Martians culture and history. While touring the schools, factories, museums and research institutions of Mars, Leonid is convinced that the Martian people were superior to those people on earth. He is convinced of the superiority of socialism over the capitalism that still reigns on Earth (Bognadov 16-18). The tour of Mars is used to express the maturity of socialist society including advanced science, planned economy and collectivism. Further, Leonid realizes that in Mars, there is no distinction between sexes. During his stay in Mars, Leonid realized that the Martian people do not harbor good intentions towards his native planet in contrary to what he thought. The Martian people planned an invasion of the Earth and extermination of its people in order to exploit their natural resources. The red star is used to represent the Russian workers with visible model for their revolutionary strivings. On the other hand, in Mars, at first glance, it does not appear to be a socialist utopia in that, most of the objectives of the Europeans has been accomplished

A Study on the Self-Perception of Young Female and Male Students from Literature review

A Study on the Self-Perception of Young Female and Male Students from Somali Ethinic Group in Britain Today - Literature review Example It will attempt to unravel current and pressing issues and problems of the Somali youths and delve into potential recommendations to improve their situations. a. Rationale Caught in unending violence and conflict situations which victimized thousands of Somali from their original home of abode, thousands of them immigrated to Britain to liberate themselves from seemingly unending atrocities and economic decadence. Such diasporas to better their lives and from wanton discriminatory chaotic situation of the past unfortunately resulted to identity confusion as new generation now lacked appreciation of their cultural and original identities. This is illustrated in the absence of direct and contextual experience in their homeland after years of enjoying relative peace as an asylum in Britain. Long detachment of these naturalized Somalis from their original homeland introduced young generation to British culture although there is no explicit claim of such identity as Brits are prominently known of their milky white skin, quite a contrast of Somali’s black skin-tone. Neither do they identify themselves with African lineage. As a consequence, there is a need to bridge intergenerational cultural gaps of adults and of the new generation, where the latter struggle to integrate themselves within British community. Youths and children felt that they are discriminated, as there is apparent perception of dearth of support to mainstream or socially accept them. To cite an example, youths and children felt that there is lack of educational support for them to learn English as language and they felt they are unfairly prejudiced in their daily affairs with other people. b. Significance This study is significant because it will empirically contribute to existing literatures and researches relating to the condition and perception of Somali youths as migrants within United Kingdom. It will also serve as evidence how conflict-situations compromised the identities of people and lost their very selves in a social quagmire and in an unending quest for peace. As part of the outcome of the study, researcher will attempt to make recommendations for policy advocacy and social action. It will also motivate government to look into the plight of Somali youths, prominently tagged as asylum seeker, to respond on their urgent concerns and problems. c. Motivation Youths are said to be the future of the world. There education and value formation are crucial to make themselves complete, instead of being fragmented due to confusion of identities while and at the same time marginalized by the system where it seek protection. Such dilemma will have serious implication to their worldviews, may frustrate them, and if not seriously dealt with will impact to desired societal interaction and to social fabric in the nearest future. Even in the simplest humanitarian consideration, language is important to communicate and to nurture mutual understanding. Hence, efforts should be m ade to bridge understanding, to educate them of their roots to inculcate better understanding of their identities, and to holistically develop them while in the process of integrating themselves in the British society. d. Potential Users This research study will be useful for the following: a. Professionals who are interested to know young Somali’s self-perceptions; b. Researchers and policy makers of the

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Globalization - Essay Example The opponents of globalisation until now have achieved greater success in garnering support from the public, owing to their ability for framing arguments in their favour, focussing on issues like use of child labour by MNCs in developing economies, and indifference of the developed nations towards serious health issues like AIDS seen rampantly spreading in the developing nations. The proponents of globalisation on the other hand present statistical data in their favour that though scien...tifically sound evidences are often difficult to comprehend from the viewpoint of a layman (ibid). Despite the contentions over globalisation and its effects, in the past three decades, observations reveal that large-scale globalisation and worldwide interconnectedness have gained increased popularity in all spheres of life, ranging from economic to technology to cultural. Globalisation of world economy has occurred due to rapid expansion of trade, financial activities, production of goods, which li nks economic growth and development of all nations across the world within the main trading zones (developed nations) and beyond (emerging economies of developing nations). As was evident during the global economic crunch of 2007-2008, currently globalisation has taken place to such extent that no national economy can safeguard itself from the ‘contagion effect’ of the disturbances within global financial markets (Baylis, Smith and Owens, 2011). The term globalisation can be interpreted in various ways. According to the most popular interpretation, the term means creation of a uniform platform at global basis, where there is synchronisation of technology, economy and culture, to create a standardised world. This perspective primarily translates into referring globalisation as westernisation of the oriental world. According to another perspective, globalisation is a form of hybridisation that creates a melange of various cultures and socioeconomic structures worldwide. H owever, from a study of the various perspectives it is not easy to derive a particular ‘correct’ interpretation, as the meaning of the term can vary based on the context on which it is used. As for example, economics globalisation, which takes place through the integration of national economies with the global economy via foreign direct investments or FDIs, capital flows, immigration and spread of technological knowledge in all fields, refers to liberalisation of trade markets and spread of capitalist market values (Bhagwati, 2004). In the arena of international relations, it refers to the development of global power play with more focus on interstate relations. Globalisation within sociology relates to changes within the present society its effects and the development of the so-called ‘global society,’ while in cultural context globalisation pertains to the study of effects of global interconnectedness on the culture and identity of various communities wor ldwide. Therefore, it is quite clear that globalisation has many facets and is hence difficult to delineate and ascertain whether it is a panacea (as per the neo-liberals who are strong proponents of globalisation) or a plague (as per the leftists or the anti-neoliberal group forum that are against

Law of carriage of goods by sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Law of carriage of goods by sea - Essay Example However this extra equipment was necessary to avoid the build up of potentially explosive gases and to keep the cargo at the agreed temperature, both for purposes of care for the cargo and the safety of the vessel. The case suggests that the Fast &Ready company, the owners of ships/vessels had to charter the vessel Multipurpose by 15th December for carrying toxic liquid cargo of 5000 tonnes of chemicals. Yet considering the fact that Multipurpose will have to be fitted with extra piping, heating and ventilation systems to avoid extra build up of gases and to keep the cargo and vessel safe, Fast & Ready will have to invest considerable amount of money in upgrading the vessel and avoiding the dangers otherwise they may be liable to legal proceedings by the companies who hire their vessels. Considering this, the following advice could be given to Fast & Ready. The important document and law that needs to be attended to is the bill of lading that is a contract of carriage. Carriage of goods involves the bulk of commercial activity and although bills are negotiable, they control possession of goods and allow movement of merchandise and commodities around the world. In case of loss or damaged goods, the basic legal structure that regulates this and the statute is the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1936 and this is also known as Cogsa that applies to foreign trade1. The Cogsa is applicable from the time the goods are loaded to until they are discharged. The Cogsa is updated from the Harter Act and Hague rules which laid down that shipowners should be prevented from contracting unless they take care to put the vessel in good shape before the voyage and also considering the goods that would be used aboard. The shipowner's duty is to provide a seaworthy vessel. Cogsa and Harter are applicable although any bill of lading would incorporate similar s tatute. Shipowner's liabilities are many and these are to make the vessel seaworthy, to use proper equipment and supply as also manning of the vessel, to make sure that holds, cooling compartments and areas where goods are to be stored are suitable and safe for storage, preservation and carriage. The Cogsa has the following provisions and limitations. Section 4 (1) of Cogsa2 that: "Neither the carrier nor the ship shall be liable for loss or damage arising or resulting from unseaworthiness unless caused by want of due diligence on the part of the carrier to make the ship seaworthy, and to secure that the ship is properly manned, equipped, and supplied, and to make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation in accordance with the provision of paragraph (1) of section 3. Whenever loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthin

Battle of waterloo Essay Example for Free

Battle of waterloo Essay The Battle of Waterloo was fought thirteen kilometres south of Brussels between the French, under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Allied armies commanded by the Duke of Wellington from Britain and General Blucher from Prussia. The French defeat at Waterloo drew to a close 23 years of war beginning with the French Revolutionary wars in 1792 and continuing with the Napoleonic Wars from 1803. There was a brief eleven-month respite when Napoleon was forced to abdicate, exiled to the island of Elba. However, the unpopularity of Louis XVIII and the economic and social instability of France motivated him to return to Paris in March 1815. The Allies soon declared war once again. Napoleons final defeat at Waterloo marked the end of the Emperors final bid for power, the so-called 100 Days, and the final chapter in his remarkable career. The Protagonists Napoleon Bonaparte had always been driven by his desire to make France a European empire and was an experienced warlord and leader. He had carried out a coup against the government of the First Republic of France (the Directory) in 1799 and established himself as ruler and First Consul, eventually to declare himself First Consul for life and Emperor in 1804. In 1802 the French Republic was officially ecognised and the Peace of Amiens signed. Napoleon had higher ambitions and pursued his desire to make France the most powerful country in Europe by conquering other countries including Britain. In 1803, Britain declared war on France and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars were fought between France and various Allied coalitions over the next 1 1 years. The Allies successfully invaded in 1814 and forced Napoleon to abdicate at the Treaty of Fontainbleau. The European powers were meeting in Vienna to re-establish the territorial balance in Europe when news came of Napoleons escape from Elba on 1st March 181 5 and is re-entry into Paris on 20th March. The powers immediately renewed their declaration of war on Napoleon and the 7th Coalition between Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia was formed on 25th March. They began assembling their troops in readiness for war, intending to attack along the French borders and march on Paris from different directions with enough strength to crush the French. In the event, only the armies of Wellington and Blucher were in place in Belgium. The Austrians and Russians arrived after Napoleon had been defeated. The Allied army under the Duke of Wellington was a coalition of British, Dutch, Belgian and German oldiers. Napoleon described Britain as the most powerful and most constant of my enemies. Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, had never been beaten by the French and had a reputation as a talented coalition general. He came to prominence in India and then successfully directed the Peninsular Campaign of 1811 when the British went to support Portugal and Spain against Napoleon. He was made a duke at the end of that war and appointed ambassador to the restored Bourbon court in 1814. Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher was the commander of the Prussian army. He was 72 at the time ot the Battle ot Waterloo and he only man to nave beaten Napoleon more than once. Age and experience meant that Blucher was less afraid of Napoleon than any other commander. His self-confidence and career record had a positive effect on his army, helping to keep morale amongst the Prussians high. Strategies After his return to France, Napoleon developed his strategy to defeat the Allies. He re-established himself in Paris and began building up his army in preparation for an invasion of Belgium, his goal was to capture Brussels. His battle plan was to mount an offensive attack on the Allied troops gathering in Belgium and to destroy them. In order to do this he wanted to divide the armies before defeating them separately, forcing Wellingtons army to retreat back to the Belgian coast in the west and the Prussians to retreat to the east. With speed he deployed his army along the French border and centred his headquarters at Beaumont Just across the border from Belgium. He was ready to attack on 15th June 1815. In order to separate Wellington and Bluchers troops, Napoleon ordered Marshal Ney to advance on Quatre-Bras, a crossroads on the roads between Brussels and Charleroi and Nivelles and Namur. Allied Dutch-Belgium troops under Prince William of Orange were already positioned around the area and succeeded in holding off the French attack until reinforcements arrived. They continued to hold their ground, resulting in stalemate on 16th June. The result may have been a coincidence of timing. Had Marshal Ney attacked Quatre-Bras earlier the outcome could have been very different as, until the reinforcements arrived, the French army greatly outnumbered the Allies and their chances of victory were good. If the Allies had been defeated, they may have retreated completely rather than regrouping at Mont St Jean, a few kilometres north of Quatre-Bras. Wellington admitted surprise at the direction of the French attack; Napoleon has humbugged me, he declared. At Ligny, the Prussian army occupied strongholds of walled gardens, stone houses and farmhouses and lined up on the forward slope of the Ligny Brook with the right guarding the villages of St Armand and St Armand Haye. Heavvy fghting ensued with casualties on both sides, but the Prussians were forced to commit more and more troops. Although the French were victorious, they failed to totally destroy the Prussian army. They were able to retreat, albeit with numerous injured and dead, north to Wavre (about 18 kilometres east of Waterloo) Napoleon had succeeded in his aim of keeping the two Allied armies apart but mistakenly believed the Prussians were defeated. He was confident that Wellington could also be defeated. Preparing for battle On the morning of 18th June 181 5, Wellington was occupying the ridge of Mont St Jean, Just south of Waterloo, and Napoleon that of La Belle Alliance across the valley. The corps were divided into three under the commands of Lord Hill, Prince William of Orange and Sir Thomas Picton. Wellington was short of well-trained infantry and the cavalry were inexperienced, but he believed in the use of carefully deployed firepower. They had some 156 cannon and the standard gun for the infantry, a smoothbore mus et k titted with a bayonet on a socket over the barrel ot a gun Observing that his troops were outnumbered by the French, Wellington decided that his best plan was to stand firm until the Prussians could come to his aid.

Scientific Evidence in Support of a Mind-Body Connection Essay Example for Free

Scientific Evidence in Support of a Mind-Body Connection Essay Descartes’ most famous words—Cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am)—are so powerful because of their intrinsic validity; no one can question their truth. Nevertheless, what follows from this premise in Meditations on the First Philosophy is Descartes’ thesis that mind and body are completely separate and distinct entities (page 139). He also believed that because of this separation, the mind is unaffected by and can outlive the body (insert page #). In contrast to the undeniable and well-founded nature of Descartes’ â€Å"cogito ergo sum†, these declarations are both inexact and under-justified. It is impossible for the mind and the body to be separate. To properly argue this point I present my own logical train of thought (in the Descartes tradition) starting with Descartes foundational idea of being a mere â€Å"thinking thing†. The mind cannot be without perceptions, which cannot be conveyed in the absence of senses. It follows that to have senses, one must have a body outfitted with sensory equipment. Because of this close association and mutual dependence the mind and the body share, it follows that if the body is affected in some way, so too will the mind be. As for matters of the spirit or soul, perhaps it is an element inhabiting the mind and the body as one, as they are inseparable. In the Meditations on the First Philosophy, Descartes begins the creation of an intellectual rebirth; building up from the foundation of his knowledge in assessing the validity of information conveyed to him by his senses. Starting in the third meditation, Descartes begins to doubt everything, stating that because he has learned everything through his unreliable senses, he can know nothing for certain apart from the fact that he is actively doubting (page #). Descartes deduces himself to a mere â€Å"thinking thing† (page #), a lone entity floating in space with nothing but intellect for company. What should have instantly dismissed the idea of the possibility of being a mere â€Å"thinking thing† from the very start of the meditation is the fact that Descartes could not rationally deny his own senses. Descartes’ willingness to believe that he may not have senses betrays an underlying fact in order to have any kind of information or ideas to actively deny, one must necessarily have senses which transmit information to the mind about the physical world outside the intellect. Descartes own ideas of the world, memories, and perceptions serve as evidence of communication from the outside world to his mind—even if he chooses to reject what was transmitted as hopelessly flawed. Descartes himself asserts that something cannot come from nothing (page #). By this logic, a â€Å"thinking thing† cannot know what to think unless given a foundational mental archive of information. Without experiencing anything outside of itself and not receiving any stimulus from the senses, thoughts would be impossible for a thinking thing. The fact that Descartes is trying to deny information he previously believe to be true proves that his mind has gleaned knowledge from outside of itself by some means of sensory extension. For example, when people think, they do it with the aid of language. Descartes never once explains or considers the fact that he is thinking in a language—a tool that obviously had to be learned from an outside source. While a similar conclusion is eventually reached in Meditation VI, the acknowledgement of the senses should have been first verity—clear beyond a reasonable doubt. After having accepting the fact that senses are indisputably real, one naturally comes to recognize the need of a body, since there must be some kind of extension through which the senses convey information. Again, using Descartes undeniable assertion that something cannot come form nothing; it must be true that senses have a physical reality. They must have this in order to interpret and communicate information about a physical world. A body is a means of physical extension by which the senses operate. Since one can be certain that senses are real, and because the senses have constantly conveyed information of the presence of a body, one can rationally be certain that the body too, is real. Baby.   Throughout all of his meditations, Descartes maintains that the mind is purely a â€Å"thinking thing† (page #) med II. This is the position of Antonio Damasio in Descartes’ Error: â€Å"the comprehensive understanding of the human mind requires an organism perspective; that not only must the mind move from a nonphysical cogitum to the realm of biological tissue, but it must also be related to a whole organism possessed of integrated body proper and brain and fully interactive with a physical and social environment.† (page #) There is no way of proving that the mind can exist without a body. Our way of experiencing seemingly intangible mental activity may be no more than the phenomenon of chemical signaling between neurons in the brain and throughout the body. It is not impossible that there could exist a purely â€Å"mental† realm outside of our physical awareness, however because our minds are so tightly intertwined with our bodies, we have no sure way of knowing. What we can be sure of is that our minds have a physical basis in our bodies. What must next be argued based on what has been established above are Descartes assertions regarding divisibility of the body verses the mind. In Meditation VI, Descartes comes to decide that though there is some inexplicable means by which the mind and body are linked, they remain two different things. Based on this assumption, he comes to decide that the mind is indivisible while the body, by design, is divisible (page 139). Descartes does not provide a solid logical argument for his assertion. When discussing the divisibility of the body, Descartes abandons his style of lengthy and well-thought-out line of reasoning. Rather, he holds that an amputee, though physically divided from a limb, would suffer no mental alteration. While it is true that a person can survive after losing a foot, it is also true that the mind loses access to all of the information the lost foot would have conveyed about the world: ground motion and temperature, texture, and surrounding material. The foot also gave the body the ability to walk, run, and balance. In this example, division of the body through the loss of a limb would lead to a void of information in the mind. Every component constituting the body is considered and accounted for in the mind. When thinking of doing something or going somewhere, the mind takes in to account all advantages and hindrances of possible future actions and analyzes a plan of action. The mind does this constantly and mostly, unconsciously. In the absence of an appendage the mind must adjust and re-diagram plans of action. It must also make up for the fact that it has lost all of the sensory input that once came from the lost appendage. Certainly in the case of losing more vital parts of the body such as a lung or heart, the mind would be deprived not only of the sensory input, but also of a resource needed to survive; it would be physically altered beyond repair. For these reasons, it is evident that the body is not so easily divisible as Descartes, never having lost a limb himself, implies. In regards to conditions of the mind, Descartes’ chief reason for asserting that the mind is indivisible is that upon introspection, he can only understand himself to be one complete thing. In making this statement about the mind, Descartes is not referring to the brain; rather, he is referring to an entity outside of the brain. An intangible intelligence. As previously discussed, as far as we can rationally prove, the brain and the mind are one in the same. Because The Meditations on the First Philosophy was meant to be an analysis on gaining certainty of reality using a systematic and rational method, the consideration of indivisibility of the mind must be argued in terms of the brain. One of the most famous, more modern examples proving the divisibility of the brain is the case of Phineas Gage. Though there were undoubtedly many cases of people surviving brain damage in the time when Descartes lived, the accident endured by Phineas Gage is well known and well documented. Phineas Gage is a man made famous for his survival of an accidental lobotomy. After being impaled by a metal rod through the frontal lobe of his brain, Phineas Gage remarkably, made a full corporeal recovery. However, following the accident, there was evidence of profound personality change. (Source)   From all that we humans have learned about ourselves in the ways our mentality works, evidence such as brain damage, and its capability to completely change a person, this seems evidence enough that our minds are divisible; that they are an ever-changing entities that can survive in cases of severance. As far as a â€Å"soul† is concerned, we have no solid evidence proving any such thing exists. So how can Descartes scientifically speculate matters regarding its characteristics, and particularly, its possible â€Å"divisibility†? The case of Phineas Gage   reinforces the argument that the mind and body are not, divisible; those unhealthy in the mind are also unhealthy in the body, and vise versa. One cannot be whole without the company of the other. As for matters of the soul, they are purely speculative as they cannot be supported by any kind of evidence, and should be left to faith alone.   [Author: You need to source the Gage case in the text and in your References at the end] Despite inconsistencies in Descartes’ treatise, his ideas continue to challenge conventional wisdom, just as they offered a new perspective to people trapped in the close-minded society of his day. Descartes provoked readers to think for themselves, an action which was at that time punishable by death. Though he would never fully know the extent to which he affected society, his dream of stimulating new ways of thinking became a global phenomenon that continues in the contemporary world.   If it is essentially the â€Å"soul† to which Descartes is referring when he uses the Latin word for â€Å"mind†, than by Descartes own standards laid out in his Discourse on Method, specifically, his rule to never believe anything to be true unless he himself can prove it (insert page #), it can never be proven, for one would have to die first to be sure. References Damasio, A.R. (1994). Descartes Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Putnam Publishing. Descartes, Philosophical Essays and Correspondence (cir.1641). Translation by Donald Cress (1993). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. Grassian, S. (1983). Psychopathological Effects of Solitary Confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1450-1454. Grassian, S. Friedman, N. (1986). Effects of Sensory Deprivation in Psychiatric Seclusion and Solitary Confinement. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8, 49-65. Sutker, P. et al. (1991). Cognitive Deficits and Psychopathology Among Former Prisoners of War and Combat Veterans of the Korean Conflict. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 67-72.

Punishment And Rehabilitation Between Prison Probation Services Criminology Essay

Punishment And Rehabilitation Between Prison Probation Services Criminology Essay When the prison population doubles, then doubles again, and then doubles again as it has done in EW from 15,900 in 1901 to nearly 90,000 in 2010, it follows that there will be substantial increase in the number of supervised by National Probation Service (NPS). The probation service is responsible for the commissioning and delivery of offenders who are subject to a court order or those released on licence from prison. The probation service focuses on the following aims and objectives: proper punishment, protecting public, reduce re-offending, assisting courts in sentencing, victim empathy, rehabilitation and finally best use of resources. As shown, its aims are less about the welfare of offenders and more about social control, which will be covered in more depth in this chapter. During the late 1990s, the probation service was targeted by the media for its poor ability to administer probation orders due to the lack of effective punishment for offenders (Ward et al 2002). Association Of Chief Officers Of Probation (ACOP) released the results of their study which revealed what was feared. It clearly demonstrated that improving enforcement was fundamental for proper punishment and public protection. Thereby, in order to re-gain public confidence and that of the courts, the service took an active approach to ensure that those who breach an order will be returned to court or custody for further sentencing. However, data collected by the National Association of Probation Officers (NAPO) indicated that; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦many of the recalls were for technical reasons such as not following rules, or missing appointments. In the majority of the cases of those recalled for technical reasons, there was no evidence of risk to the public. Cases published by the Napo include individuals who were recalled for not getting up in the morning, for reporting to the wrong probation office, for loosing their permanent address, because of tags not workingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (cited in Sim 2009 page 112) Thereby, although probation officers attempts to protect public with rigorous enforcement orders, for Hearnden and Millie (2004) these changes made little advancement because organisational effectiveness of law enforcement agencies has been seen in terms of control and punishment, rather than rehabilitation of offenders. Recent research findings support Hearnden and Millies claim as re-conviction rates within the first two years of being released from prison is more than 60% (Telegraph 2008). As a consequence of an organisational shift towards law-enforcement, it has been told that control-oriented models of NOMS had an inhibitory effect on the performance of rehabilitation and treatment needs of offenders. Although control-oriented and rehabilitative forms of treatment have been used together, one of the other has been obviously pre-eminent; punishment. This, as a result, brought a punitive criminal justice system which also increased fears about the disappearance of the caring and socially aware aspects of probation work. For Farral (2002) such changes have been a dismal failure because professional literature recommends assisting individuals in the process of self-change and building on strengths. In support, Farrals (2002) project which included interviewing almost two hundred probationers revealed the very small role that supervising probation staff had played in any successful desisting from crime. It has, for long, been recommended by Bottoms and McWilliams (1979) and many others that the elements of rehabilitation and punishment should be separated from each other. More controlling the probation service may be, but Ames (2002) told that probation staffs are often reluctant to punish offenders because they have understandably felt that this is not their proper business, and indeed is not within their power (Duff 2003). It has come to be assumed by many probation officers that offenders have problems, often involving their adjustment to society and to life in general. And because the problems of many more offenders lie in their situation, past and present, rather than in themselves, officers are more willing to refer offenders to agencies in which they can obtain special help with housing, employment, drug or alcohol problems and mental health needs which are all considered to be aspects of re-offending (Thames Valley Criminal Justice Board 2007). This reinforces the arguments put forward by Bottoms and McWilliams over twenty years ago when they wrote that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ help may be more crime-reducing than treatment (1979: 174). It is clear fro m this statement that offenders require understanding, and as a result of their understanding they will receive insights which will substantially alter their attitudes after a criminal activity. The notion of reintegration is well known in Marunas Liverpool desistance study where he found that participants often talked about the role of probation officers in recognising redemption (Maruna 2000). But not only do the probation officers play big role in re-integration; models of reintegration stress the need for changes in both role and status for the released prisoner: The exchange theory concept of reciprocity suggests that only by taking responsibility for making things right with victims and victimised communities can offenders change either the communitys image of them or their perceptions of themselves. (Bazenmore and Stinchcomb 2004: page) So the emerging question is how can offenders change either the communitys image of them or their perceptions of themselves. For Williams (1995: 124), the latter can be achieved by developing a professional relationship with the client. However, there is a barrier. In contrast to Ames (2002), more recent findings revealed that the attitude of the probation officer to the probationer is no longer as it would be adopted by a sensible friend. Though there are still elements in place in to supply advice, assist and befriend but in reality it is lacking. Strategies For Effective Offender Supervision highlighted the necessity for a higher detailed quality approach to deal with offenders by addressing more of their specific behaviour (HMIP 1998b). Offenders can change communitys image of them by undertaking community work in the community- which is a form of punishment. Nonetheless, no matter how strict the supervision of offenders, and no matter the extent of technology used, it will not be considered to be as effective as the simple act of imprisonment because offenders are not under a total control which prison affords, and is therefore not physically prevented for a period from committing further crimes. However, there are many reasons which provoke government from abolishing the objective of proper punishment; from an effective punishment in the community the offenders are more likely to able to pay compensation to their victims (Home Office, 1998: 7) by having the chance to re-appraise their lives and their relationships to other people. Moreover, as well as being economic for the taxpayer, it also boosts the probationers chance of finding employment as many offenders have poor work records; especially among school leave rs. In theory, community sentences help to ease the pressure on the prison system. As well as being cheaper than prisons, community sentences have shown to have lower recidivism rate; in 2007, 37% of people on a community order re-offended within one year of the order coming to an end as it offers a difficult but genuine opportunity for self-determination and an incentive to use it in legitimate directions. Community orders lasts between 60 and 240 hours of useful labour in the community. Approximately 70% of supervised offenders will be on community sentences each year. With community sentences, probation service aims to provide punishment (the hard work); reparation (working for the community); deterrence (giving up free time to work for nothing); incapacitation (restriction of liberty); and rehabilitation (achieving something worthwhile, and perhaps even learning a new skill). Among the community sentences performed by offenders has been work in youth clubs, hospitals and elderly home s, construction, painting and decorating, cleaning and many more. As psychologist ________ assert The desire to be wanted is basic to human nature (reference). In regards to community sentences, many who feel rejected by their families or society can under the right circumstances find fulfilment in discovering that they are needed by others. For example, Inner London Probation Service provides Bulldog Employment Project for offenders who are fully capable of work. The participants are paid more than they would receive from unemployment benefits, but less than they could obtain outside the programme. In due course they can leave work not only with the habit but also with an employers reference. This example provides the base of support which enables the offender to rise above their situation so they do not return to a life of crime by increasing their empathy with victims and growing their sense of community responsibility. (Ward 2008). This is consistent with Bazelmore and Stitchcombs model of reintegration. However, in some places the community wo rk has not been so inventive; it has been claimed that a few public service institutions in North London have been painted four times because the local probation service has run out of ideas (reference) In addition to the fact that community penalties lack the denunciatory power and the punitive elements of imprisonment, there is a huge amount of criticism that the idea of punishment turned upside down when considering that offenders often enjoy and continue to work voluntarily after the order expired. This is an opposition to utilitarian theory because the amount of pain derived from the community sentence is not greater than the amount of pleasure that is derived the forbidden activity (reference) Despite the potential of non-custodial sentences as an alternative to custody, magistrates and judges are sceptical of their use particularly when regarding the adequate supervision of offender which is resulting in prisons becoming a massive and seemingly indispensable pillar of contemporary social control (Garland 2001:14), which does not do anything to overcome the contemporary crisis experienced with the prison system. Having said that there have also been cases where non-custodial s entences have been imposed on minor offenders who would otherwise have received lesser penalties or none. This proves that there is inconsistency when imposing a sentence. And also, apart from being an excessive invasion of their liberty, this overloads the probation service. Another form of community penalty is the curfew order (electronic tagging) which is predominantly used for juveniles. Since electronically monitored curfews were introduced and implemented throughout in EW, their use has increased dramatically from 9,000 cases in 1999 to 53000 in 2004-05 (reference). The Home Office spend over  £100 million on the electronic monitoring of curfews. Although the primary purpose of electronic tagging is to monitor a curfew and reduce the opportunities for offenders to commit further crimes during their sentence, this does not prevent the offender from potentially deviating during the day. National Audit Office (NAO) reported that those who breached their curfew were more likely to have committed an office whilst on tag than those who had complied with the curfew (NAO 2006:3:1) In addition to this some offenders have tampered with or removed their tagging device which increase the risk of a breach and the subsequent risk of recidivism. However, some sc holars told that reconviction rates vary by offender- some statistics giving more convincing results. Despite the various criticisms, electronic tagging is financially more beneficial compared with incarceration. Moving on, as a result of tensioning recidivism rates and adverse publicity many critics point their finger at the probation service for its poor job handling. Speaking from their own experience and their knowledge of being part of a wider national probation workforce, staff reported sheer numbers of sickness absences which are sometimes accompanied by feelings of fear and insecurity (BBC News 2009a). These resulted in staff-resignations which further pressurised staff (BBC News, 2009b). Statistics are available to confirm this; each year the probation service commences the supervision of some 165,000 offenders; the caseload on any given day is believed to be in excess of 200,000 (Ministry of Justice 2009: 3). The funding invested to probation service over the recent years to provide more effective and beneficial service, particularly in supervision of community sentenced offenders allowed the service to become a more attractive proposition for the courts, not simply because they fel t resources are in place to enable them to use community orders more widely, but also because it is considered by courts to be more efficient and suitable form of treating and training offenders than imprisonment (Ministry Of Justice 2008). Given that the service as a whole relies upon the loyalty and integrity of its staff (reference), it is unimpressive that staffs are often feeling unsupervised and unsupported by their bosses (BBC News 2009c). In an attempt to reduce workload between the years of 2001-2008, the number of staff involved in the probation service has increased by 37%. This hides the reduction in the number of professionally qualified probation officers by 4%. Despite the rise in number of staff, the ratio of offenders to qualified probation officers has dramatically risen from 31:1 to 40:1, which is an increase of 28% as a result of numerous factors affecting the flows and caseloads. (NPS for England and Wales, 2005) Some of these factors are; the number of cases passing through the courts and the number found guilty; the length of time spent on remand; the custody and court order rates at the courts; and the number of offenders breaching court orders. Moreover, the role of the probation has expanded in many directions. As though the current workload is not enough, the probation service now has a duty to contact victims about the progress of the case and also give free and emotional support and practical help to victims of crime, their family, friends and anyone who is affected by it. According to _____ this is a rational decision because if the service continued to withdraw ignoring victims it would be targeted publicly and politically for its naiveness, thus it would also be morally unacceptable to behave as though the offenders need for rehabilitation is more important than victims. Of particular importance is that, according to _________, being equipped with fewer roles and responsibilities would make the service more likely to achieve those aims. Overall, a particular attention must be paid to rising workloads and staff dis-satisfaction, which in itself is bad but what is also important is that it makes the job of the probatio n service much more difficult and the possibility of rehabilitation and punishment far less likely to be successful than it otherwise would be. For instance, only about half of community sentence orders ran their full-course or at most, the likely offenders were terminated early for good progress. This could possibly be due to the fact the staff in these facilities are under immense pressure which produce hasty decisions, which are then reflected in the recidivism rates (Ministry of Justice 2009: 2). In order to reach its primary objectives, Multi-Agency Public Protection (MAPPA) was introduced in April 2001 to improve powerful management system for those offenders who are a potential threat to the community à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ensuring that public protection is the priority (MAPPA, 2005) For the most serious of cases MAPPA can take further actions to prevent distress to citizens. However, the plausibility of this agency is limited. An independent investigation agency, Panorama, revealed that only the top two risk levels, two and three, are tracked by the service. They argue that majority of violent criminals in England and Wales include sex offenders who are only classified as a low risk and subject to less supervision. (Panorama) In order to protect the public and reduce re-offending, risk assessment forms the basis for successive intervention and management of offenders by identifying harms posed. It is an important feature of the probation service and a core activity of a fully qualified probation officer. The intentions of government ministers for improving the risk assessment is clear; to be seen to be fighting crime on a politically sensitive issue.(reference) However, such an objective was difficult to achieve when traditional ways of working based on professional autonomy led to inconsistency and variation in probation practice. As a solution, over the decade, various risk assessment tools have been developed to eliminate inconsistency, but were, too, often open to criticisms. Ultimately, the creation of OASys sought to fulfil the aims of the prison and probation service by working in partnership with other institutions and also ensuring that probation officers assessed risk against the same criteria i n the same previous way. Howard et al (2006:33) highlighted the effectiveness of OASys as the best of actuarial methods of prediction with structured clinical judgement. However, critical consequences have been acknowledged by staff such as the loss of autonomy and de-skilling. Many officers complained that their job was becoming increasingly standardised, technical, and routine. (Leach 2004) The same argument was put forward by probation officers in a previous risk assessment tool such as LSI-R. (Robinson 2003). However, such changes in New Labours image of the modernized correctional institutions failed to materialise with respect to the protection of ex-prisoners upon release. This could perfectly be explained in the case of Gabriel Ferez and Laurent Bonomo, who were the victims of correctional service for their errors which left offenders free to kill (BBC News 2009c). Equally important, according to Shaw, in the week following release, prisonersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are about 40 time s more likely to die then the general population (2007; 1) because offenders have problems in meeting their basic needs for food and shelter. Their basic needs also act as a barrier to develop relationships with other people. Such arguments are nothing new; as early as in the late 1960s, Dr. Eugene Heimler (1967) provided a convincing argument that when the satisfaction of a mans basic needs falls below a certain level he finds it increasingly difficult to struggle with his everyday life, with all the pressures and forces of social living. A step taken by the Labour government to successfully meet its objective of rehabilitating offenders and protecting public was by developing staff. In an attempt to ensure that staff are of the right quality, well trained and efficiently used, labour government have abolished the diploma in Social Work and replaced it by integrating level 4 NVQ and an undergraduate degree to become a probation officer. The underlying reason for a change was to move beyond a social work curriculum by maintaining a university base. (Nellis, 2003: 95) Although the new requirement is much more preferable to the previous, there are some limitations that must not be masked. A major concern is the diminution of properly contextualised understanding of offending which was the strength of social work training. (Bhui 2001:1)Thus the emerging question is, though new probation officers may know how to run an effective programme, will they have a good comprehension of wider relevant issues such as social deprivat ion and so on? Surely this is still a concern for the service for the reason of there being little scope for the probation officers to decide how they want to work due to the introduction of accredited programmes and minimum standards they have to follow. In support, a newspaper article informs that officers spend about 25% of their time face-to-face with offenders (BBC News 2009b) which highlights how technical staffs have become. So rather than being encouraged to do as they are told, officers should be given the environment to think independently as professionals which would also eliminate dissatisfaction and enable them to meet their, and offenders, psychological needs. Frankly probation service was targeting both, offenders and victims, in its early years, (Smith et al., 1988) but this was not the case in the last decade or two. This Another problem stemming from punishment in the community is that if an offender is undergoing a probation order of treatment is later charged with a further offence, the court will most likely disapprove its previously given generous opportunity. This will lead to an inclination not only to impose a prison sentence, but an imprisonment longer than that which might otherwise be considered appropriate. This could perfectly be explained in the case of Gabriel Ferez and Laurent Bonomo, who were the victims of correctional service for their errors which left offenders free to kill (BBC News 2009c). The punishment should be imposed by the court, and rehabilitation should be agreed between the offender and the probation officer. In EW, although punishments are largely dependent on the court order issued, Carter report told that they do not tend to address the needs of the offender (91). However, a problem stemming from punishment in the community is that if an offender is undergoing a probation order of treatment is later charged with a further offence, the court will most likely disapprove its previously given generous opportunity. This will lead to an inclination not only to impose a prison sentence, but an imprisonment longer than that which might otherwise be considered appropriate. This could perfectly be explained in the case of Gabriel Ferez and Laurent Bonomo, who were the victims of correctional service for their errors which left offenders free to kill (BBC News 2009c). (See extra stuff document) for a conclusive paragraph Nonetheless, the ineffectiveness of such roles and responsibilities should not solely be attributed to the probation service or to the Ministry of Justice. Indeed, they can not find satisfaction in work and recreation, and do not have the motivation to acquire the necessary skills. The likelihood of reintegration is made worse given that many probationers are illiterate. It is possible that illiterate people commit more offences than others, because fewer opportunities are available to them. When the offenders return to their home, they again associate with the society that bred the criminal activity in the first place. Many offenders come from areas where poverty and low education standards overwhelmingly influence criminal behaviour. It can not of course be concluded that illiteracy is alone responsible; other factors can also influence criminal behaviour, such as the care and support shown by teachers and other participants and the fact that these individuals were motivated to seek self-improvement. Surely probation officers should not be held liable to fix what education institutions failed to do; teach reading and writing.

Comparing Ideology in Emersons Self Reliance and Catcher in the Rye Es

Non-conformist Ideology in Emerson's Self Reliance and Catcher in the Rye      Ã‚   Human beings all around the world are different in many ways. They all have their unique and physical characteristics, as well as different personalities. They each also have different ideas and thoughts on different topics. America is made up of a great amount of diverse people with diverse, even conflicting opinions and ideas. Diversity is a major component of the foundation of our country. The clichà © of American as a salad bowl is extremely true. Every person is different and every person in his or her own way makes up a small part of America. Without the diversity of ideas and beliefs of Americans, the nation would not be nearly as successful as we are. A major similarity between Ralph Waldo Emerson's Self Reliance and J.D Salinger's Catcher in the Rye is a non-conformist ideology that both exhibit, and the idea that one should choose their own individuality above confomity.    Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye portrays Holden as a character who views conformity as evil. Conformist is a word associated with people who dismiss their own ideas and opinions and act the way most others do. In doing so, they believe others will respect them more because they are more like the majority of the population, Holden saw all those who tried to conform to society as `phonies'. He stated, "At the end of the first act, we went out with all the other jerks for a cigarette. What a deal that was. You never saw so many phonies in all your life, everybody smoking their ears off and talking about the play so that everybody could hear how sharp they were." (Salinger 126) Almost everyone in the novel acted as phonies according to Holde... ...his own mind. No one should be afraid of what society believes they are or what they believe in. One should decide what is good for him/her, not act according to what humanity as a whole believes is good for him/her.    The roles of diversity and uniqueness are a crucial part of society today. Without these qualities being enforced into the American character, people won't produce thoughtful ideas that could help shape America. Both authors illustrate the evil effect of conformity in society and support how one should be self reliant, not phony, and confident in their own beliefs and ideas.    Works Cited       Emerson, Ralph. "Self-Reliance." The American Tradition in Literature. Eighth Edition. Ed. George Perkins. New York. McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.    Salinger, J.D.   The Catcher in the Rye.   Boston: Little, Brown, 1991.   

Old Professor New Lessons Tuesdays with Morrie Essay -- Essays Papers

Old Professor New Lessons Tuesdays with Morrie Thesis: In the novel Tuesdays with Morrie, Mitch Aldom gains a new understanding on life's lessons taught by his old professor Morrie. Old Professor-New Lessons Mitch Albom attended many classes taught by Morrie Schwartz during his years at Brandeis University, but he does not attempt to learn the meaning of life until he is in his forties. The knowledge of his favorite professors illness forces Mitch to rekindle an old friendship. In the process of finding an old friend, Mitch acquires many life lessons that give him a new meaning to his existence. Mitch and Morrie meet on Tuesdays. On the second Tuesday, the topic of discussion is feeling sorry for oneself. On this day Mitch asks Morrie, "Do you feel sorry for yourself." (Albom 56) Morrie responds: Sometimes in the mornings, that's when I mourn. I mourn what I have lost. I mourn the slow, insidious way in which I'm dying. But then I stop mourning. I give myself a good cry if I need it. But then I concentrate on all the good things in life. I don't allow myself any more self-pity than that. (Albom 57) Mitch is amazed how well Morrie takes his illness. People in Morrie's situation sit around and feel sorry for themselves. The idea of putting a daily limit on self-pity is a revolutionary idea for Mitch. This lesson shows Mitch that time on earth is precious and to find a ray of light in life's darkest days. On the forth Tuesday the l...

Maturity: Being Considerate :: Psychology Essays

Maturity: Being Considerate According to Webster's dictionary, maturity is due care or consideration. There are many different kinds of maturity depending on what a person places their emphasis on. One type of maturity, intellectual, is caring about your personal well being. The level of one's intellectual maturity shows their ability to handle certain tasks set before them. A person who is considerate of others shows signs of social maturity. The ability to interact with others is necessary in order to function as part of this society. Different types of maturity can be independent of each other; you can have a high level of intellectual maturity and a low level of social maturity or vise versa. As you will see from e-mails of former students, levels vary greatly from one person to the next. Maturity is not only how you interact with others, but also how you manage your own responsibilities and affairs. An intellectually mature person demonstrates certain characteristics. The ability to follow instructions shows that you are willing to do things correctly in order to learn from the experience. To illustrate this point, say a student had difficulties using a particular program for an assignment. Even though this person disliked using the program that was required for the assignment, he understood the importance of doing his work correctly and he finished it despite the inconvenience. An example of a student who follows directions poorly is that of the student who just pasted in random responses for his log entry instead of doing the assignment as instructed. Another quality that a person must possess is open-mindedness. Being willing to explore new ideas and ways of doing things enriches a person's life. A Christian who is willing to learn the theory of evolution in order to broaden his mind set and to secure his beliefs is a good example of this characteristic. However, one student in particular believes that he does not need to use the library as a source in research because he believes that his information is better and more relative to his subject, which demonstrates his close mindedness because he is not willing to use other sources for information. A person's ability to understand their weaknesses and utilizing their abilities to the maximum shows their intellectual maturity. Take Timothy for example, he cannot grasp the concept of mathematics, so instead of failing the course, he takes the initiative to hire a tutor in order to assure that he will pass the class.

Amadeus Movie Review Essay

The title of the movie should actually be â€Å"Salieri†, because the whole movie is really about his jealousy of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and how Salieri was overshadowed musically by Mozart. In the beginning, Salieri makes a â€Å"deal† with God so He will make Salieri a musical genius, and Salieri believes he has been granted this gift until the day Mozart comes to Vienna. Salieri immediately becomes jealous that God has bestowed upon Mozart the power he himself worked so desperately to achieve. From that point on, Salieri becomes obsessed with conspiring against Mozart, at one point paying a maid to go to Mozart’s place to spy while she is cleaning and report back to him. Eventually, though indirectly, Salieri kills Mozart. The major theme in this movie is the jealousy of Salieri, and how it consumed his every waking thought. It is somewhat depressing because it also shows all the hard work of Salieri with no success and the ease of Mozart’s ability when to him composing music is quite easy. Though the plot is fairly realistic, it is not completely historically accurate. Mozart was even more rambunctious and childish than portrayed in the film, and the ending is dramatized for the â€Å"Hollywood effect.† The acting though, is very well done. Director Milos Forman did a great job directing F. Murray Abraham (Salieri) and Tom Hulce (Mozart) to stardom. They make the two and half-hours of wigs, wigs, opera, and more wigs bearable. Together they bring the silver screen alive and take us from our era into that of Mozart very seamlessly. The sets are amazing, with great attention to detail and depth. The scenes where the operas take place are very well set up, and they fit in nicely with the time period. The costumes, too, are quite the feat. The many layers (of the women’s costumes especially) look extremely complicated to make, and the scene at the party where Mozart plays the piano upside-down showcases these costumes beautifully. I don’t know if I am more impressed by the designers or the actors and actresses who wore them because they look so hot! The wigs are a defining part of the costumes in the film. The most striking reasons these are so appealing and dramatic are that they are so big and almost appallingly white. Some of the Women’s wigs are even topped  with a huge hat to match the dress or some other exotic object. If you don’t watch this movie for any other reason, watch it for the costumes. The makeup artist did a good job, but nothing spectacular or worth highlighting. There aren’t many special effects, so adding some in there may have made the movie that much more enjoyable. Overall, I give the movie 1  ½ stars, because the actors really knew their stuff but the plot wasn’t all that entertaining. I think the best part overall was Mozart’s laugh, and the soundtrack was really very enjoyable. I recommend this film to those who wish to learn more about Salieri, and not Mozart, because the movie doesn’t really focus much on him. Rent this film if you have absolutely nothing else to do on a Saturday night but you probably won’t be able to finish watching it unless you’re a major cultural history junkie. Other than that, a note to the intended audiences (like I said, the culture gurus): enjoy! To the casual moviegoer who likes action or romance: beware- you probably won’t be able to watch the whole 160 minutes of Amadeus.

Nestle

Assignment 2 snuggle Dr. bloody shame Tranquillo HRM 560 Managing Organizational Change October 28, 2010 Organization qualifyings that nose has undergone 1. Discuss the nerve intensifys that hold close has undergone. go up is the largest and some(prenominal) successful consumer packaged goods bon ton in the worldly concern, founded and headquartered in Vevey Switzerland. draw near successfully introduced m whatever(prenominal) new harvest-homes into many diametrical parts of the food and beverage industriousness. The cuddle Company was kinded in 1867 by Henri draw close.In the contractning, nest Company specialized in selling infant take out which provided alternate for mothers who could non breast feed their infant. The think of of the point of intersection was soon recognized, as it save many childrens life. Today, nest is the worlds largest and most alter food caller-out, with nearly euchre factories around the world, producing healthy, enjoyable food produces for each stage of life. near underwent many organisational changes. In 1905 hold close Company twistd with the Anglo Swiss Milk Company by the Page Brothers.The merger provided the partnership with a wide range of product line. cor move to Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, draw close changed its approach to global expanding upon and began purchasing global subsidiaries in abroad markets. During the World struggle I come on grease ones palmsd close to(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) factories in the United States to go by up with the increasing motivation for condensed draw and dairy products via government contracts. When fresh take out became available again after the state of warf ar, nuzzle financial status suffered which ca utilize a fearful amount of debt.The price of ingredients was increasing, the economy slowed deck and exchange rates deteriorated because of the war. During World war II many stopping point founderr off ices seaward were channelisered to the United States. These moves into the onshore markets were part of come ons perpetration to changing the friendship in ensn atomic number 18 to increase capability and productivity (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, conservation of parity 2, pg. 109). After the war ended, consumer started switching to the character of favorite milk they liked with reference. draw near was able to oppose quickly to the change of demand and then(prenominal) giving them a very spicy advantage to stay competitive in the market. In 1920, the company decided to engrave the chocolate market as their chip most important production. clutch withal did am unrelated diversification by means of their shargonholding in LOreal in 1974. Later, come near do a imprimatur diversification which was outside of the food pains, the get of a pharmaceutical and ophthalmic company cognise as Alcon Laboratories Inc.As the years progress snuggle cont inue to its diversify strategic in acquiring many eruditenesss 1985 Carnation, 1988 Buitoni-Perugina, 1988 R testifytree, 1990 Cereal Partners Worldwide, 1991 crapulence Partners Worldwide (formerly CCNR), 1992 Perrier, 1998 San Pellegrino and Spillers Pet foods, and in 2000 the attainment of Power Bar (http//hubpages. com/hub/nestle). Whether changes were first-order and/or second-order changes 2. locate whether the changes were first-order and/or second-order changes and the rationale for your decisiveness. It went by dint of second-order change.Second- order, noncontinuous change is transformational, radical, and fundamentally alters the organization at its sum of money. Second- order change entails non exploitation but transforming the nature of the organization (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, parity bit 3, pg. 86). nestle sold its products through gross revenue agents to countries outside of its home market. Its launch into the Ameri hindquarters mark et was initiated when the First World state of war increased demand for dairy products. snuggle took this opportunity to establish its presence in the United States by acquiring several(prenominal) existing factories. In 1974 Nestle diversify for the first time out-side the food industry in order to promote growth. It became a study sh atomic number 18holder in the ornamental giant LOreal. Nestle subsequent made a second pillage outside the food industry with the purchase of Alcon Laboratories Inc. , (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 3, pg. 86). My rationale Nestle change the nature of its organization Nestle o.k. tuned its organization and transferred its decision maker offices from Switzerland to the United States which allowed an better and enhanced organisational stability. 3.Discuss whether or not the changes made were with an incremental approach as emphasized by Brabeck-Letmathe. Brabeck-Letmathe stated wherefore should we manufacture dramatic chan ge? vindicatory for changes sake? To follow some pick out of fad with-out logical thinking freighter it? We atomic number 18 very skeptical of any kind of fad (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 7, pg. 109). He initiated a complete overhaul of the executive board, replacing it with 10 new executives. He claims that change is incremental however he is fashioning a radical change. triad causes of lessons from the breast line 4. get a line three examples of lessons from the social movement line that were evident in the Nestle case and how these issues whitethorn be overcome. trio examples of lessons from the front line that were evident in the Nestle case be there is a dramatic pace of change in Nestle. This to be slowed bulge. there is a juicy risk in its investments the wet has to hedge its risks There is a legal injury policy in technology. C atomic number 18 un reverseably to be taken in anticipate that types of organizational changes brook be n eatly categorized as little(a), adaptive, and incremental comp bed to those that ar large and transformational.Mental frameworks, idiosyncratic perspectives, the extent to which a change is directly relevant to a person and his or her activities, and the degree to which he or she accepts the need for change. References Bikashkumarsha. (2010). Nestles brand prudence strategies. Retrieved from http//hubpages. com/hub/nestle. Palmer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. (2009). Managing organizational change A four-fold perspectives approach (2nd ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill.Nestle10-11 Your securely organized its contrary operations in an planetary office. With foreign markets growing fast, the sign of the zodiac considers changing its organizational coordinate. What options does it cook? What are the pros and cons of each option? rule 1 Figure 1 illustrates the relationship betwixt each elements of organizational architecture. Hill et. al (2012) identifies these elements on e by one. Organization body expression means three points.First, the clump particle of the organization into fractional monetary units, such(prenominal) as product divisions, national operations and functions second, the location of decision make responsibilities deep down that complex body part third, the mental hospital of integrating mechanism to coordinate the activities of subunits including mollycoddle structural group and pan regional committees. Control system is the method to neb the performance of subunits and to judge the four-in-hands when running those subunits. Incentives are used to reward distract conductorial behavior. It is close connected with the performance.Processes refers to the manner in which decisions are made and work is performed within the organization. Organizational cultivation refers to the norms and cherish systems that the employees of an organization share. People here means twain the employees of the organization and the strategy used to recruit, doctor and retain those exclusive and type of tribe with skills, values and orientations. Organizational body anatomical structure The organizational structure has three dimensions erect as crystalizeediation, horizontal distinction and the integrating mechanisms. for each one dimension go away be explained below. Vertical contraryiation The vertical unalikeiation indicated the location of decision making responsibilities within a structure. The vertical differentiation has ii types of arguments centralization and decentralization. There are four of import arguments for centralization. First, centralization tooshie facilitate coordination. An example office be a company have several different components manufactured in different countries which need coordinated. It crumb be achieved by centralizing production scheduling by autobuss.Second, centralization can help mark off that decisions are lucid with organizational objectives. Third, concentrati ng tycoon and authority in one individual or a prudence team can assist the top take aim managers to bring about needed major organizational changes. Fourth, centralization can avoid the duplication of activities by several subunits with resembling activities, which can improve the efficiency. There are withal five arguments for decentralization. First, the top level manager whitethorn get overburdened, which whitethorn resolving poor decisions. Decentralization can adjudicate this problem.Second, researches show that people are leave basising to snuff it more to their jobs when they have a greater degree of individual freedom and control. Third, more rapid resolution to environmental change with greater flexibleness is provided by decentralization. Fourth, decentralization can result in better decisions. This is because in a decentralization structure, the decisions can be made by person with better dread and more information than managers. Fifth, decentralization can increase control by establish relatively autonomous, self-contained subunits within an organization.The debt instrument of subunit managers are closely connected with the subunit performance. Therefore, centralize some core decisions and decentralize some operating(a) decisions may be worth trying. Horizontal differentiation The horizontal differentiation is concerned with how the blotto decides to divide itself into subunits. The decision is usually ground on the sures function, type of business and geographic nation. Domestic gibe to Hill et. al (2012), many watertights begin with no formal structure and are run by a small group of people.When the tautens grow, the organization is split into functions reflecting the solids value creation activities because the demand of management is great. It type of structure is functional structure. Top managers coordinate and control functions, such as purchasing, manufacturing, marketing and finance. Centralized decision is usual in this structure. A emblematic example of functional structure is the British airways, as show in flesh 2. Figure 2 With the development of the securely product line, further differentiation may be necessary. A product divisional structure can be used to solve the problem caused by coordination and control.In a product divisional structure, each division is answerable for a distinct product line, as show in control 3 Figure 3 Each division is set up as a self-contained, largely autonomous entity with its own function. The indebtedness for operating decisions is usually deconcentrate to product divisions. The top manager is responsible for the overall strategic development of the plastered and for financial control of the various divisions. external The above two structure is found on internal firms. When the firms expand multinationally, they a great deal group all their international activities into an international division.Both functional and product divisions struc ture at home may be reduplicate to the global. Regardless of a firms domestic structure, its international division tends to be organized on geography. Figure 4 is an example for a international division. Figure 4 In the formula, the products can be manufactured by divisions A, B and C, and then export to country1 and 2. However, the production line A, B and C may also build in country 1 and 2. For firm with a functional structure at home, the firm might replicate this structure in each countries it does business.Similar case might happen for the firms with divisional structure. Although this kind of structure is quite popular, it may raise several problems. It may create conflict and coordination problems amidst domestic and foreign operations. First, the top manager of this structure may not give as much congresswoman in the organization as the top manager in domestic. Second, lack of coordination between domestic operations and foreign operations may cause isolation. In orde r to solve these problems, a oecumenic product divisional structure and a worldwide area structure is raised and select by many firms.Figure 5 illustrates these two option paths of development. Figure 5 The worldwide product divisional structure is often adopted by firms which are reasonably diversified and has domestic structures based on product divisions. Figure 6 is a regular(prenominal) worldwide product divisional structure. This structure helps to cook the location and experience contract economies. It also facilitates the transfer of core competencies. The main problem of this structure is the limitation of voice it gives to area country managers as it makes them implemental to product division managers. Figure 6The worldwide area structure is suitable for firms with a low degree of diversification and a domestic structure based on functional structure. This structure divided the world into geographic areas and each areas operations authority and strategic decisions are decentralized (figure 7). This structure facilitates local responsiveness. However, this structure can result in a fragmentation of the organization which makes it difficult to transfer core competencies and skills between areas. This structure is consistent with a locating strategy, but may also make it difficult to realize gains under a global standardization.Figure 7 Hill et. al (2012) indicates that a worldwide area structure is more appropriate for firm focus on localization strategy while a worldwide product divisional structure is more appropriate for firm focus on global standardization or international strategies. An attempted is made by some firms to use a matrix structure to cope with the conflicting demands of transnational strategy. The indebtedness for operation decisions for a product should be shared by the product division and various area of the firm. The global matrix structure allows for differentiation along two dimensions the product division and geograp hic area.In a classic matrix structure, product divisions and geographical areas have equal status for operating decisions. In the reality, the global matrix structure may not work as well as the theory predicts. It may appeals as clumsy and bureaucratic. The decision making can be slow and the stubborn organization may not serve quickly to market change or to innovate. The dual-hierarchy structure can also authorise to conflict between the areas and the product divisions. To make the matters worse is that it is difficult to ascertain the responsibility in this structure. Integrating mechanismFor an international or a transnational firm, there is greater need for coordination rather than a firm which pursuing a localization strategy. However, the different orientation or opinion of subunits will raise different goals, which may rifle the impediments to coordination. In order to overcome this problem, two formal and slack integrating mechanisms can be used to achieve coordinati on. As show in figure 8, the formal mechanisms integrate subunits use methods from direct speck and liaison roles to teams and a matrix structure. The complexness of the formal integrating mechanisms is positive jibe with the need of coordination.The problem of this solution is that the matrix structure tends to be bureaucratic, inflexible and characterized by conflict. Therefore, flexibility and supporting by the inner integrating mechanisms is necessary. Figure 8 The informal integrating mechanism can be de okayd as acquaintance nets which are supported by the organization culture. Cross-unit cooperation and teamwork are the important content for the culture. The advantage of the network is that it is used as a nonbureaucratic conduit for knowledge flows with in a multinational enterprise.An example to for the structure of the network is shown in figure 9, the manager A, B and E, F are connected indirectly through manager C, D. If one problem is raised by manager A, the manag er F or E can know this emplacement indirectly and provide solution. In order to operate the network successfully, all the managers moldiness share a strong commitment to the same goals and adhere to a honey oil set of norms and values that override differing subunit orientations, which means strong organizational culture is necessary for teamwork and cooperation. Figure 9NestleAssignment 2 Nestle Dr. bloody shame Tranquillo HRM 560 Managing Organizational Change October 28, 2010 Organization changes that Nestle has undergone 1. Discuss the organization changes that Nestle has undergone. Nestle is the largest and most successful consumer packaged goods company in the world, founded and headquartered in Vevey Switzerland. Nestle successfully introduced many new products into many different parts of the food and beverage industry. The Nestle Company was established in 1867 by Henri Nestle.In the beginning, Nestle Company specialized in selling infant milk which provided preference for mothers who could not breast feed their infant. The value of the product was soon recognized, as it saved many childrens life. Today, Nestle is the worlds largest and most diversified food company, with nearly vitamin D factories around the world, producing healthy, enjoyable food products for every stage of life. Nestle underwent many organizational changes. In 1905 Nestle Company incorporated with the Anglo Swiss Milk Company by the Page Brothers.The merger provided the company with a wide range of product line. concord to Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, Nestle changed its approach to global elaborateness and began purchasing global subsidiaries in foreign markets. During the World war I Nestle purchased several factories in the United States to forbid up with the increasing demand for condensed milk and dairy products via government contracts. When fresh milk became available again after the war, Nestle financial status suffered which caused a tremendou s amount of debt.The price of ingredients was increasing, the economy slowed down and exchange rates deteriorated because of the war. During World War II many executive offices offshore were transferred to the United States. These moves into the offshore markets were part of Nestles commitment to changing the company in order to increase efficiency and productivity (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 2, pg. 109). After the war ended, consumer started switching to the type of favorite milk they liked with reference. Nestle was able to respond quickly to the change of demand thereof giving them a very high advantage to stay competitive in the market. In 1920, the company decided to enter the chocolate market as their second most important production. Nestle also did am unrelated diversification through their shareholding in LOreal in 1974. Later, Nestle made a second diversification which was outside of the food industry, the purchase of a pharmaceutical and ophthalm ic company know as Alcon Laboratories Inc.As the years progress Nestle continue to its diversified strategic in acquiring many acquisitions 1985 Carnation, 1988 Buitoni-Perugina, 1988 Rowntree, 1990 Cereal Partners Worldwide, 1991 drinkable Partners Worldwide (formerly CCNR), 1992 Perrier, 1998 San Pellegrino and Spillers Pet foods, and in 2000 the acquisition of Power Bar (http//hubpages. com/hub/nestle). Whether changes were first-order and/or second-order changes 2. Identify whether the changes were first-order and/or second-order changes and the rationale for your decision. It went through second-order change.Second- order, discontinuous change is transformational, radical, and fundamentally alters the organization at its core. Second- order change entails not developing but transforming the nature of the organization (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 3, pg. 86). Nestle sold its products through gross revenue agents to countries outside of its home market. I ts launch into the American market was initiated when the First World War increased demand for dairy products. Nestle took this opportunity to establish its presence in the United States by acquiring several existing factories. In 1974 Nestle diversified for the first time out-side the food industry in order to promote growth. It became a major shareholder in the ornamental giant LOreal. Nestle by and by made a second denudate outside the food industry with the purchase of Alcon Laboratories Inc. , (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 3, pg. 86). My rationale Nestle change the nature of its organization Nestle fine tuned its organization and transferred its executive offices from Switzerland to the United States which allowed an improve and enhanced organizational stability. 3.Discuss whether or not the changes made were with an incremental approach as emphasized by Brabeck-Letmathe. Brabeck-Letmathe stated wherefore should we manufacture dramatic change? bare ly for changes sake? To follow some sort of fad with-out logical thinking behind it? We are very skeptical of any kind of fad (Palmaer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. , 2009, para 7, pg. 109). He initiated a complete overhaul of the executive board, replacing it with 10 new executives. He claims that change is incremental however he is making a radical change. threesome examples of lessons from the front line 4.Identify three examples of lessons from the front line that were evident in the Nestle case and how these issues may be overcome. deuce-ace examples of lessons from the front line that were evident in the Nestle case are There is a dramatic pace of change in Nestle. This to be slowed down. There is a high risk in its investments the firm has to hedge its risks There is a incorrectly policy in technology. Care necessarily to be taken in expect that types of organizational changes can be neatly categorized as small, adaptive, and incremental compared to those that are large and transformational.Mental frameworks, individual perspectives, the extent to which a change is directly relevant to a person and his or her activities, and the degree to which he or she accepts the need for change. References Bikashkumarsha. (2010). Nestles brand management strategies. Retrieved from http//hubpages. com/hub/nestle. Palmer, I. , Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. (2009). Managing organizational change A two-fold perspectives approach (2nd ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill.