Healthy Lifestyle Final Research Report

Life SLEEP AND goodish modus vivendi 1 Sleep and Healthy Lifestyle National University of capital of capital of Singapore Undergraduates Profile Jiexuan Wang SM2 Group 1 National University of Singapore SLEEP AND goodish lifestyle 2 Sleep and Healthy Lifestyle National University of Singapore Undergraduates Profile quiescency, along with other hygienic life habits has arisen ken in recent years. As will be stated later, the majority of university undergraduates rarely took healthy living seriously.University students have long been known, as claimed by Dement (1997), to throw a fit the midnight oil and maintain an unhealthy lifestyle, which could be potenti each(prenominal)y hazardous to their health power. Apart from dozing off in the class, quiescency exit and poor dormancy quality led to m any(prenominal) long-term effects on the health conditions. Recently, we conducted a survey among the National University of Singapore (NUS) undergraduates to explore their knowle dge of healthy lifestyle and reliefing habits (see Appendix A Interview Questions).The research chiefly covered the imagination of a healthy lifestyle, the tranquillitying hours and rituals. The aim of this story is to split up the general sleeping and healthy lifestyle conditions among NUS undergraduates and to revoke awareness on the healthy lifestyle and sleeping issue. Methodology The primary leaven was collected from our interviews, and several related materials were analyzed as subsidiary resources. We conducted personal interviews and recorded down the responds from respondents. Six faculties were involved in the research, including efficiency of Science, Faculty of Art and SocialSLEEP AND hale LIFESTYLE 3 Science, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Business, initiate of computing and School of design and environment. Because of the limitation of the research method, we have solitary(prenominal) covered 96 respondents in our research. Results and Discussion This r esearch covers the concept of a healthy lifestyle, sleeping deprivation and other related perspectives. The result is to few extent in accordance with our expectation, but round of the problems of sleeping disorders and deprivation have grabbed our attention. This section will discuss these topics in detail.Healthy lifestyle concept The concept of a healthy lifestyle whitethorn vary fit to different people. From the research, it is clear that sleep, nutrition and example are major lend factors, with some of the respondents emphasizing the importance of scheduled and balanced lifestyle. However, they could only ordain an idea of the concept with surface knowing further about this topic. The following human body 1 presents an idea of the respondents understanding of healthy lifestyle. 71 4 5 5 6 4 8 1 1 80 60 40 20 0 42 51 embark 1 Healthy lifestyle Concept of NUS undergraduates number of espondents SLEEP AND salutary LIFESTYLE 4 quiescency hours Scientists accentuate the imp ortance of length of sleep, suggesting a six to eight hours of sleep every night. Insufficient sleep may lead to diminishing productivity, tendency to make mistakes and most dangerously, unintended sleep. trope 2 shows the sleeping hours among the respondents. The percentage of sleep deprivation among NUS undergraduates is sobering. 18 out of 95 respondents stated that they have less than 6 hours of sleep individually day, and as one of the respondents added, There were many students dozing off during lectures. In addition, some of the respondents gave details of the sleeping time at night, ranging from el flat o quantify to two or tether o time in the dayspring, and even shockingly, four or five in the morning when there is no lecture in the morning. However, noting that our biological rhythms work just the other stylus around, the sleeping habits of the majority of undergraduates are unhealthy. Reports (Fredrik, 2007) indicated that the period of 11 oclock in the evening to 3 oclock in the morning is when the body goes through a detoxification process and any time surrounded by 5 oclock to 7 oclock in the morning is suitable for defecation process. 0 60 40 20 0 below 6 sleeping hours 6 to 8 preceding(prenominal) 8 18 5 72 blueprint 2 Sleeping Hours among Undergraduates in NUS SLEEP AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE 5 Sleeping Rituals Sleeping rituals could affect the sleeping efficiency and quality of sleep. Figure 3 illustrates the major sleeping rituals among the NUS undergraduates. One major factor is eating. Eating before bedtime has been a long-discussed topics among scientists. It is a two-edged sword, for sleep-benefit drinks such as a cup of warm draw can improve the efficiency of sleep while most snacks taken before bedtime are well known to be weight gaining.Interviews with respondents reveal that most of them will choose to eat before bedtime if they are hungry. However, keen the midnight oil easily contributes to bedtime eating habit. Besides, sci entists claim that eating within three hours before bedtime is unhealthy (Taft, 2012). The research also reveals that the second most well-heeled activity before bedtime is to exercise, which was proved to be beneficial to the improvement of sleeping quality, as stated in (Wooten, 2007).Among other common sleeping rituals, recreations equivalent movie watching may cause an excitement before sleeping time and resulted in sleeping disorder. number of respondents Exercising Chatting Set fright Shower Go Out Listening to Music Reading 25 12 12 9 37 1 1 3 2 1 16 15 15 19 Figure 3 Things NUS Undergraduates Do before Sleep SLEEP AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE 6 Conclusion The research reveals that the majority of undergraduates have a relevantly clear concept of a healthy lifestyle and that the sleeping bod of the majority of undergraduates is reasonably healthy.The overall results from each faculty were mostly the identical (see Appendix B). However, when it comes to sleeping hours and sleepi ng rituals, much can be make to improve the quality and efficiency of sleep, in order to avoid stricken performances and unintended sleep during daytime. The significance of the study of sleeping patterns is obvious, for it reveals the healthy condition of undergraduates and possibly revokes awareness of sleeping issue among NUS undergraduates. (846 words) SLEEP AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE 7 References Fredrik, P. (2007). When is the Best Time to Sleep?.Retrieved November 30, 2012 from http//www. ineedmotivation. com/blog/2007/10/when-is-the-best-time-to-sleep/ Taft, W. (2012). send away eating three hours before bed. Retrieved November 30, 2012 from http//willtaft. com/eat-at-least-3-hours-before-going-to-sleep/ Dement, W. (1997). Sleepless at Stanford. In What all undergraduates should know about how their sleeping lives affect their waking lives. Retrieved November 30, 2012 from Stanford University, Center of worth for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sleep Disorders Web site http//w ww. stanford. du/dement/sleepless. html Wooten, V. D. (2007). find Health How to Fall Asleep. Retrieved November 30, 2012 from http//health. howstuffworks. com/mental-health/sleep/basics/how-to-fall-asle ep. htm SLEEP AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE 8 Appendix A Interview Questions 1. What is your concept of a healthy lifestyle? 2. What do you think are the factors that represent a healthy lifestyle? 3. Do you think that sleep is essential in maintaining a healthy lifestyle? Why? 4. How much sleep do you normally have? Is it any different during examinations? 5. Do you have any leeping ritual-? a series of actions that you usually carry out-? before going to sleep? How long does it take you to do this? 6. Do you eat before bedtime? A. What fodder/drink helps you to sleep? How does it help you to sleep? B. What food/drink keeps you to sleep? How does it prevent you to sleep? 7. Do you exercise before bedtime? What type of exercise do you do? How long does it take you to do this? 8. What oth er activities do you do before sleeping? Do/does these/this help or prevent you to sleep? SLEEP AND HEALTHY LIFESTYLE 9 Appendix B Research Data (Original)

Lisa Harvey-Smith on the Ska Mega-Telescope

Lisa Harvey-Smith on the SKA Mega-Telescope Multiple weft Questions 1. With current scientific technology, it is concluded that __% of our known matter is Baryonic matter, __% is unnotice competent Matter, tour __% is Dark Energy. A. 33, 27, 40 B. 7, 23, 70 C. 4, 23, 73 D. 9, 25, 66 2. Also called the national Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, the Arecibo Observatory is the worlds largest single-aperture radio receiver telescope. It is located in ______. A. Mexico B. Iceland C. Jamaica D. Puerto Rico 3. The runner enter ever made was an oval shaped depiction of the early universe, specifically the cosmic microwave background radiation.The cold blue, green, yellow and red hues depict ______. A. Fluctuations in temperature B. Infrared satellite data C. Sound waves D. Large concentrations of dark energy 4. The worlds first smart radio telescope accredited radio waves from the ______, then received the same signals bounced off the sea. This was helpful to create fine pinpoint p ictures of radio sources outside of our own galaxy. A. Horizon B. Mountains C. Atmosphere D. Glaciers 5. The worlds largest optic telescope is located on a mountain in the snitch Islands.Capable of making exquisitely detailed pictures of the sky, this particular telescope has a colossal mirror ofjust over __ meters across. A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12 6. The Australian telescope compacting ray, composed of 6 radio telescopes likewisek over ____ hours of observing and a 400 image mosaic to create a solid picture of the universe. A. 120 B. 1200 C. 12000 D. 120000 7. Within the early 1900s, Albert Einstein concluded that space and cartridge clip actually bends around certain objects with gravitational pull and mass. This derriere be visualized by the comparison of ______ . A. A puck striking a net and the net plication to accommodate the force B.The pass of rubber band and the snapping affect C. The return of a boomerang D. The bending of metal as it is heated 8. The Hubble Telescope is a small telescope, yet it is effective for developing clear images because there are no _____ distortions, in comparison to on-earth telescopes. A. Ultra-Violet B. Photon C. Bird and wildlife D. Atmospheric 9. Scientists won the Noble prize for discovering that the human race is expanding at a rate much faster than previously anticipated. on that point are several names used to describe this expansion effect, just the most accepted is ______. A. Quintessence B. Vacuum Energy C.Cosmological Constant D. Dark Energy 10. There are several problems with developing new intercommunicate Telescopes, one of these challenges is overcoming interference and finding a location without human activity. However, a place without human activity is also problematic because ___________. A. The location is too far for scientists and astronomers to commute B. There are no large former stations to generate the electricity required to operate telescopes C. With such a great distance from civiliza tion, it will take a long eon to transmit information D. Emergency teams will not be able to make it in time in the case of an emergency

Emerging Wireless Technologies

A look into the future of radio set communications beyond 3G Forward The cosmos Safety Wireless Network (PSWN) Program is conducting an ongoing assessment of advancements in the radio set communications intentness. The scope of this assessment is to identify emerging radiocommunication utilitys and technologies for potential public safety use in the coterminous future and beyond. This particular document is the first of a series of emerging wireless technologies studies.This study on the wholeow for concent value primarily on the 4th multiplication of restless telecommunications and beyond. G i. e. , an entirely packet switched net profit with in every last(predicate) digital network elements and extremely high avail adapted bandwidth. For the more or less part, it is believed that 4G will sum up true multimedia capabilities such(prenominal) as high-speed selective information access code and video conferencing to the handset. It is also envisioned that 4G s ystems will be deployed with softw be defined radios, allowing the equipment to be upgraded to newfound protocols and work via softw ar upgrades. 4G also holds the foreshadow of worldwide roaming using a wizard handheld device.Wireless Generations At-a-Glance As with all technology progressions, the future(a) upgrades must be in be after and study phases while its predecessors argon existence deployed. This statement holds true with all mobile telecommunications to date. It seems that it will also hold true for the adjoining timess of wireless networks. The original analog cellular systems are considered the first generation of mobile telephony (1G). In the early 1980s, 1G systems were deployed. At the same time, the cellular effort began developing the second generation of mobile telephony (2G).The difference surrounded by 1G and 2G is in the signaling techniques utilize 1G use analog signaling, 2G used digital signaling. As experience shows, the lead-time for mobile phone systems development is about 10 years. It was non until the early to mid 1990s that 2G was deployed. Primary thinking and impression development on 3G for the most part began around 1991 as 2G systems just started to regurgitate out. Since the commonplace model of 10 years to develop a new mobile system is world followed, that timeline would suggest 4G should be operational close to time around 2011.4G would build on the second phase Although the new, three generation (3G) wireless technology has non yet been utilize, leading companies in the industry are already laying the groundwork for what some are calling fourth generation (4G) technology. For the purposes of this article, 4G will be considered those technologies that are sedate in the planning stages and will not be deployed within the next five years. Researchers are continuing their ideas in the development of an undefined wireless world, which could become operational by 2010.The first generation (1G) and second generation (2G) of mobile telephony were intended primarily for voice transmission. The third generation of mobile telephony (3G) will serve both voice and entropy applications. There really is no clear definition of what 4G will be. It is generally accepted that 4G will be a super- promoted version of of 3G, when all networks are expected to embrace Internet protocol (IP) technology. During the last year, companies such as Ericsson, Motorola, Lucent, Nortel and Qualcomm came up with 3G-plus concepts that would push performance of approved, though still emerging, standards beyond on-going ones.Interoperability and the Evolution of Network Architectures unity of the most challenging issues facing deployment of 4G technologies is how to contain the network architectures compatible with each different. New signaling techniques are being designed specifically to enhance instantlys second generation (2G) networks, deliver unique functionality for 3G, and successfully drive the Fourth Generation (4G) of wireless, thus delivering immediate and long benefits to carriers.With the architecture of each generation of wireless devices addressed in the development of advanced technologies, carriers buns easily evolve their systems without additional network modifications, significantly reducing costs and implementation time. Currently, different wireless technologies (e. g. , GSM, CDMA, and TDMA1) are used throughout the world for the 2G, 2. 5G, and eventually 3G networks. There are two approaches being used to develop 4G access techniques 3xRTT ( catamenialy 1xRTT for 2. 5 and 3G) and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA).These dispa prize access techniques currently do not interoperate. This issue may be figure out with software defined radios. LinkAir Communications is developing a new access technology called rotund-area-synchronized code-division multiple access (LAS-CDMA). LASCDMA will be compatible with all current and future standards, and thither is a relativel y 1 GSM orbicular System for Mobile Communications CDMA Code Division Multiple coming TDMA Time Division Multiple Access easy transition from live systems to LAS-CDMA (using software defined radios).LinkAir emphasizes that LASCDMA will accommodate all the advanced technologies intend for 4G and that LASCDMA will further enhance either 3xRTT or W-CDMA systems performance and capacity. Internet Speeds 2. 5G is the interim solution for current 2G networks to devote 3G functionality. 2. 5G networks are being designed such that a smooth transition (software upgrade) to 3G can be constituted. 2. 5G networks currently offer true data speeds up to 28kbps. In comparison, the theoretical speed of 3G can be up to 2 Mbps, i. e. , somewhat 200 times faster than previous 2G networks.This added speed and throughput will rack up it possible to run applications such as streaming video clips. It is expect that 4G speeds could be as high as 100 Mbps. Thus, 4G will maintain another quantum leap in mobile Internet speeds and picture quality. Ericsson confirms that 4G could draw connection speeds of up to 50 times faster than 3G networks and could offer 3-dimensional visual experiences for the first time. The following graph represents what has been the typical progression of wireless communicationsQuality of value Challenges In wireless networks, Quality of Service (QOS) refers to the mea sure enough of the performance for a system reflecting its transmission quality and service availability (e. g. , 4G is expected to pay at least a dependability of 99. 99%). Supporting QOS in 4G networks will be a major(ip) challenge. When considering QOS, the major hurdles to everyplacecome in 4G include varying rate bear characteristics, bandwidth al mendings, fault allowance levels, and handoff choke among heterogeneous wireless networks. Fortunately, QOS run on can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, and network levels.QOS will be able to be tweaked at these diffe rent operating levels, making the network more than flexible and possibly more tolerant to QOS issues. Varying rate channel characteristics refers to the fact that 4G applications will have varying bandwidth and transition rate requirements. In order to provide solid network access to backing the anticipate 4G applications, the 4G networks must be designed with both flexibility and scalability. Varying rate channel characteristics must be considered to effectively meet user want and ensure efficient network management.Spectrum is a finite resource. In current wireless systems, frequency licensing and efficient spectrum management are key issues. In 4G systems, bandwidth allocations may still be a concern. Another concern is interoperability mingled with the signaling techniques that are planned to be used in 4G (e. g. , 3xRTT, WCDMA). In comparison with current 2G and 2. 5G networks, 4G will have more fault tolerance capabilities built-in to avoid unnecessary network failure, p oor c everyplaceage, and dropped calls.4G technology promises to enhance QOS by the use of better diagnostic techniques and alarms tools. G will have better support of roaming and handoffs across heterogeneous networks. Users, even in todays wireless market, demand service transparency and roaming. 4G may support interoperability between disparate network technologies by using techniques such as LAS-CDMA signaling. Other solutions such as software defined radios could also support roaming across disparate network technologies in 4G systems. These major challenges to QOS in 4G networks are currently being studied and solutions are being developed.Developers believe that QOS in 4G will rival that of any current 2G or 2. 5G network. It is anticipated that the QOS in 4G networks will closely approximate the QOS requirements in the wireline environment (99. 999% reliability). The emergence of next generation wireless technologies is going enhance the effectuality of the animate methods used by public safety 4G Applications and Their Benefits to Public Safety One of the most notable advanced applications for 4G systems is locationbased services. G location applications would be based on visualized, realistic navigation schemes that would support a remote database containing graphical representations of streets, buildings, and other physical characteristics of a large metropolitan area. This database could be accessed by a subscriber in a moving vehicle equipped with the assign wireless device, which would provide the platform on which would appear a virtual representation of the environment ahead. For example, one would be able to see the native layout of a building during an emergency rescue.This type of application is sometimes referred to as Telegeoprocessing, which is a combination of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) on the job(p) in concert over a high-capacity wireless mobile system. Telegeoprocessing over 4G net works will make it possible for the public safety community to have wireless operational functionality and specialized applications for everyday operations, as well as for crisis management. The emergence of next generation wireless technologies will enhance the effectiveness of the existing methods used by public safety.3G technologies and beyond could possibly bring the following new features to public safety Virtual navigation As described, a remote database contains the graphical representation of streets, buildings, and physical characteristics of a large metropolis. Blocks of this database are transmitted in rapid sequence to a vehicle, where a rendering program permits the occupants to visualize the environment ahead. They may also to the highest degree see the internal layout of buildings to plan an emergency rescue, or to plan to fill hostile elements hidden in the building.Tele-medicine A paramedic assisting a victim of a traffic accident in a remote location could acce ss medical records (e. g. , x-rays) and establish a video conference so that a remotely based surgeon could provide on-scene assistance. In such a circumstance, the paramedic could relay the victims vital information (recorded locally) back to the infirmary in real time, for review by the surgeon.Crisis-management applications These arise, for example, as a expiration of natural disasters where the entire communications infrastructure is in disarray. In such ircumstances, restoring communications quickly is essential. With wideband wireless mobile communications, both curb and complete communications capabilities, including Internet and video services, could be set up in a matter of hours. In comparison, it may take old age or even weeks to re-establish communications capabilities when a wireline network is rendered inoperable. Limitations of 4G Although the concept of 4G communications shows much promise, there are still limitations that must be addressed.One major limitation is operating area. Although 2G networks are becoming more biquitous, there are still many areas not served. Rural areas and many buildings in metropolitan areas are not being served well by existing wireless networks. This limitation of todays networks will carry over into future generations of wireless systems. The hype that is being created by 3G networks is giving the general public unrealistic expectations of always on, always available, anywhere, anytime communications. The public must enlighten that although high-speed data communications will be delivered, it will not be equivalent to the wired Internet at least not at first.If measures are not taken now to correct perceptual experience issues, when 3G and later 4G services are deployed, there may be a great deal of disappointment associated with the deployment of the technology, and perceptions could become negative. If this were to happen, neither 3G nor 4G may realize its full potential. Another limitation is cost. The equ ipment required to implement a nextgeneration network is still very expensive. Carriers and providers have to plan carefully to make sure that expenses are kept realistic. One technique currently being implemented in Asian networks is a Pay-Per-Use model of services.This model will be difficult to implement in the United States, where the public is used to a service-for-free model (e. g. , the Internet). Conclusions 4G networks may eventually deliver on all the promises. At times, it seems that technological advances are being made on a day-to-day basis. These advances will make highspeed data/voice-over-Internet-protocol (VoIP) networks a reality. In the meantime, it is important for industry to develop a strong 3G offering that is palatable for the general public. every bit as important, industry must ensure that expectations are realistic and that services meet and exceed those expectations.If all goes according to what the industry envisions, it may be sooner, rather than later that we will see wireless communications evolve. This growth will give the general public as well as the public safety community amazing functionality from the convenience of a single handheld device. Postscript The purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to next-generation wireless communications. In coming articles, further developments in 4G (e. g. , services, billing, protocols, and standards) and other emerging wireless technologies will be presented in greater depth.Referenceshttp//www.cnn.com/2001/TECH/ptech/03/08/4G.world.idg/http//www.nsf.gov/pubs/1999/nsf9968/nsf9968.htm

Quantitative risk assessment Essay

Monte-Carlo simulation is carried push through development a wide reduce of computations, apply a computer, with random inputs. This method is particularly useful when it comes to predicting the solvent a complex eventuality. Typically, the Monte-Carlo simulation is useful when predicting the outcome of a large number inter-related factors that be uncertain. Predictivity using Monte-Carlo simulation is further more than accurate where variables under comity are many, uncertain and random.For this particular reason, using Monte-Carlo simulation for this study is the best choice as there are many uncertain factors that need to be analyzed for computing a take a chance assessment. In this study, the first step begins with the production of meat and ends with wellness effects that meat can probably induce in down subjects. There is a large interplay of uncertain factors, and the entire food kitchen stove model proposed in the study has inherent variability across around t ake aims. 2. What comment would you learn about the character of info used for the assiduousness of E.coli in cows feces? Prevalence and concentration of E. Coli in cattle faecal thing was used to assess the level of contamination of the meat. The level of contamination of the meat is a pointer to the probable exposure that a consuming subject could possibly surrender, to E. Coli. Concentration of E. Coli in cattle fecal return is directly related to factors like seasonality, geographical properties, and feeding practices. However, the information related to concentration of E. Coli in the cattle fecal matter was constructed without reflexion for these factors.Data used for concentration of E. Coli in fecal matter was obtained using enrichment methods. The results show a wide bipolar variation, from as low as undetectable E. Coli levels to as much as 5. 0 log10 CFU/g. The data for preponderance of E. Coli in cattle fecal matter was obtained from previously held studies. However, only data from those studies was used, that primarily aimed at detecting E. Coli prevalence rates in cattle fecal matter for beef that was supposedly slated for human consumption. 3. What comment would you make about the following modeling the distribution of feces on form as Uniform? Slaughtering invariably causes the fecal matter to come in contact with the meat. Skinning a carcass go outing lead to contamination of undefended meat due to contact with the hide. Although, fecal matter is the main source of bacterial reservoir, the genius and number of agents that can directly or indirectly participate as contaminating agents is uncertain. However, the concentration of E. Coli in fecal matter is directly proportional to the extent of meat contamination.The distribution of fecal matter on carcass surface is uneven. A dilution factor was used as a model simplification. modeling fecal contamination only on the carcass surface? As a fact, E. Coli are present in the fecal matter but not inside red meat. taint of red meat, therefore, occurs only when fecal matter comes in contact with it. This exit usually happen during slaughtering, and the following processes like packaging and trimming. For this reason fecal contamination has been modeled only on the carcass surface. 4.Briefly (less than ergocalciferol words), discuss the practicalities and likely success of implementing each of the proposed hypothetical mitigation strategies in the paper. The author has proposed three hypothetical essay mitigation strategies for take a chance drop-off. However, the strategies have been proposed to reduce risk as per mentioned figures, assuming that the system is being enforced and the desired goal is being achieved. For instance, the first strategy of regulating stock temperature control norms shows a reduced risk to over 80%.Practically, this strategy can indeed cause a large risk reduction but a protocol will need to be real that incorporates all the le vels of the proposed beef-cold-chain, starting right from the farm to the retailer. Even with a cover legislature to make sure this strategy works, it needs to be evaluated how far would this strategy prove to be practically enforceable. With definite legislature, a advanced compliance can be expected out of this strategy and plainly this strategy is far more practicable, and could prove successful.Pre-slaughter screening proposes to reduce risk by over 46%. However, more variables like feeding practices, geographical locations, and seasonal variation (that affect E. Coli fecal load) need to considered, before a definite control level can be instated to rule out slaughters for animals that have more than a certain level of bacterial fecal concentration. The consumer information program, although with a risk reduction of 16%, is certainly a very important level wherein proper intervention can dramatically decrease E.Coli related health morbidity. Even though anticipated risk reduc tion is only 16%, straightforward measures like adequate promotional tools, could significantly increase risk reduction through mass converse the biggest limitation however, is that compliance in this case cannot be ascertained, nor enforceable. Keeping in mind the practical limitations of each of these strategies, a prudent approach would view application of all the three strategies in conjunct, to ensure greater risk reduction.A good reason for this approach is that due to the uncertain nature of all the factors involved in E. Coli contamination and delivery to consuming host, it appears quite difficult to determine the individual potency of each of these factors, and they would easily persist in relative values. Evaluation of MRSA Select, a new chromogenic strength for the detection of nasal bone carriage of methicillin-resistant staph aureus 1. What is the aureate ensample used to assess the aesthesia and specificity etc. of the different diagnostic tests?The sensiti vity and specificity of a particular diagnostic test needs to be estimated before the test under consideration can be employed for practical purposes, to ensure that the results obtained are accurate, and of consequence. A gold standard, hence, is an absolute, against which results from a particular diagnostic test are compared. The gold standard, also called as the standard frame of reference, is a perfect test for the given condition, and is 100% sensitive and specific as well. 2. Is the gold standard the same for all of the tests? Within the context of this paper, the gold standard used is same for all the tests.The gold standard used is recognition of methicillin resistant S. Aureus, from nasal swabs of patients, confirmed for the mecA gene using PCR. 3. Can the tests be compared in this way? Yes, the tests can be compared this way. The same samples (n) were subjected to different development mediums, to ascertain the presence of MRSA. All these media were specifically designe d to promote the harvest-tide of MRSA. Hence, depending on the growths shown by these different media, results can be drawn and compared. 4. are the authors conclusions valid? I think that the authors conclusions are valid.Although, PCR will last out the gold standard in ascertaining presence of MRSA, the application of this procedure, to remain practically enforceable, is quite limiting. For instance, considering the sheer number of samples that an urban community infirmary has to handle on a daily basis, using PCR for all instances whitethorn not be feasible all the times. In this circumstance, using simple tissue culture techniques would definitely prove to be more desirable, specially with faster results and low costs like using the MRSA Select that will give results within 24 hours with a sensitivity and specificity over 99%.Moreover, simplicity of the test requires no complex skill set, especially compared with manipulation PCR techniques. References 1. Fishman, G. S. (19 95). Monte Carlo Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications. New York Springer 2. Bell, B. P. , Goldoft, M. , Griffin, P. M. , Davis, M. S. , Gordon, D. C. , Tarr, P. I. , Bartleson, C. A. , Lewis, J. H. , Barret, T. J. , Wells, J. G. , Baron, R. , Kobayashi, J. , (1994). A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157H7-associated bloody dissipation and hemolytic uremic syndrome from hamburgers the Washington experience.J. Am. Med. Assoc. 3. Vose, D. , (1996). Quantitative risk analysis A guide to Monte Carlo simulation modelling. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester England. 4. USDAAPHISVS. , 1994a. E. coliO157H7 issues and ramifications. Centers for Epidemiology and fauna Health, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO. 5. Gehlbach SH. (1993) Interpretation sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. In Gehlbach SH, ed. Interpreting the health check literature. New York McGraw-Hill 6. Apfalter P, Assadian O, Kalczyk A, et al. (2002) Performance of a new chromogenicoxacilli n resistance screen medium (Oxoid) in the detection and presumptive identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis4420911. 7. Murakami K, Minamide W, Wada K, Nakamura E, Teraoka, H, Watanabe S. (1991) Identification of methicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol2922404. 8. Safdar N, Narans L, Gordon B, Maki DG. (2003) compare of culture screening methods for detection of nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus a prospective study comparing 32 methods. J Clin Microbiol4131636.

A Near Death Experience Essay

How close-fitting have you start to dying? What nourish do you place on your own animation? Mary Oliver poses these very(prenominal) deep and thought-provoking questions to the reader in her shortstop poem, gator Poem.In the poem, the persona has an buzz off in which she comes very close to close an gator walks by her as she drank some water divulge of a river while sitting on a riverbank. Oliver describes it in this government agency I didnt understand/I drank up to the very secondment it came/crashing toward me/its tail flailing/ like a bundle of swords/slashing the grass/and the interior of its cradle-shaped mouth/gaping/and rimmed with teeth and/thats how I intimately died/of foolishness/in pretty-pretty Florida.Clearly she has had a near-death experience. The language employ in describing that passage orients true fear tail flailing/like a bundle of swords/slashing the grass. This experience has exposed the persona to the very received possibilities of death.Thi s experience also was most likely the personas land-class near-death experience. Oliver indicates this with the statement thats how I almost died/of foolishness/in beautiful Florida. People who have many near-death experiences usually always exercise wariness in situations that could be fatal. In this situation, she walked directly up to the river bank and stuck her perfume in, and started drinking (I didnt understand/I drank up to the very moment it came).The rest of the poem goes on to show how the persona changed and reacted from this near-death experience. She distinctly takes a new value for life away from her first near-death experience but about how I rose from the ground/and saw the world as if for the second time/the way it really is. The transformation that she shows after the experience can be attributed to the new value that she places on life, which in advance the near-death experience was much lower. Most likely, she will exercise caution pass on in the future.A nother aspect that the persona takes away from this experience is her cite of the living qualities of nature. Oliver explains this with the passage directly after the description of the rebirth The water, that mobilize of shattered glass/healed itself with a slow whisper/and perplex back/with the back-lit light of polished steel/and the birds, in the endless waterfalls of the trees/ agitate open the snowy pleats of their wings, and drifted away.The persona now sees living value of nature, and how it is not merely inanimate objects, but a being just like us. Before the near-death experience, the persona of the poem was blind to this truism. Unfortunately, it took a bout with death to expose these facts, but it is equally important that she now understands this.This newfound value is already evident in the personas life. Oliver makes sure to show the personas transformation in concrete details I reached out/I picked the wild flowers from the grass around me/blue stars/and crim son trumpets/on long green stems/for hours in my trembling custody they glittered/like fire. The persona picks the flowers and realizes their living qualities, hence the simile to fire in the last line of the poem.The poem contains many literary devices that Oliver uses to convey her subject matter in the poem. The entire poem is a conceit, or extended metaphor, for a rebirthing process. Oliver gives us the blindness in the beginning of the poem when the persona unwisely walks up to the riverbank without any regard for the habitat of the animals that live in and around the river (e.g. the alligator), and the possible perils of an alligator encounter (e.g. death). Next was the near-death experience, as the alligator crossed paths with the persona, which caused the transformation. Finally, the rebirth occurs, and the changes in her life are occurring as soon as the rebirth happens.Clearly, Mary Oliver illustrates the rebirthing process in her poem Alligator Poem. She beautifully d emonstrates this process with personification, conceit, and metaphors. She is a great poet, and Alligator Poem is a great example of her tremendous body of work.Works CitedOliver, Mary. Alligator Poem. 50 Great Poems and Short Stories. Random House, 1990.

My values

It has been reiterated from our class discussions that value are the things that re all(prenominal)(prenominal)y issuance to us. (Lopper, 2006) And, as we further discussed this subject, we generate discovered that it really has a turgid influence on our wants and holds. Our values guide us to make finality and even how to run our everyday lives. In assessing our wants and of necessity, we are unconsciously bring betterment or demise to the gentlemans gentleman. So, it is important to channel in to our intimate selves to know what really want and need so that in the end, we willing find the things that we most cherish and cultivate it to add some virtue in the world.Our values sess either be our belief, our principles and sometimes, even our family. flat voicing extinct your opinion is considered a value. Now, as I devolve on and write the values that I treasure most, I found out that aside from my family, I also deeply care about the environs and shaft. As clich as it may sound, we should take care of our environment because aft(prenominal) all, we are all going to benefit from it and our future children as well. With the fire of technology and our desire to acquire what is the latest, it is heartbreaking to know that a mickle of trees, tribes, etc. must be sacrificed fairish to take on out wants.But, to touch on for our advancing technology, it is also glad to know that we are now scratch line to take into considerations the environmentthis derriere be best epitomized by the commercialization of the hybrid cars and the abundance of solar-generating houses in some parts of the world. Still, there are quite parts of the world wherein we continue to manipulate their resources so that we end have our personal satisfaction and gains. Now, from what I have learned from our discussions, all I can say is that, we should all make an effort, no result how small it is, to make this world a little cleaner.For my part, I have started doing so t hrough my small ways like throwing my trash in the trashcan (or if ever there is no trashcan, I make sure that I keep it in my pocket and dispose it in our house) and religiously segregating the biodegradables from the non-biodegradables. Also, I started to make a compost pit at our house so that I can grow organic vegetables in the future.Lastly, I publish smokers to quit the habit because it only adds up to air pollution. As for the different value that I treasure most, it is so overrated but if we analyze it thoroughly, it is move to know that we can only achieve the things that we want in this world (i.e. peace, justice, unity, etc.) if we love ourselves enough. I believe that if we love ourselves enough, it is the only time that we can share that love and consequently, build respect for others. And with respect, there comes understanding and past justice and peace.It is a very extraordinary concept but it just all boil into that. I also have to emphasize that this love that I deeply value is not filial in personality but for the greater good. And, as a first step in achieving this idealistic want (or need), I must admit that I do not have enough love with me to share with others but I am starting to gather love by knowing myself to a greater extent and talking to my inner self more often and appreciating the value of everything that I see and treasure.The two values that I treasure most wait conventional but the way I see it, there is nonentity too conventional if we want to have a better world. As said in our discussions, we should know our wants and needs because it leads to some make-or-brake decisions in our lives and in the course of the world as well. We all want and definitely need a better world and we can achieve this through the values that are instilled in us or our beliefs and principles that we genuinely cherish. After all, all our values should be for the improvement of ourselves and for others. And I believe that for us to have a bet ter living environment, it must start from ourselves.In conclusion, for us to have a better world and a proper companionship of ourselves, it is imperative to have a step-by-step procedure to achieve those desires and these can be done even in the most modest ways. And these travel will only begin from us if we only consider our wants and needs and integrate it to our values but we have to keep in middle that these values should be for the benefit of us.REFERENCESLopper, J. (2006). What are values? Electronic Version. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http//personaldevelopment.suite101.com/article.cfm/what_are_values_. 

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 29

ElenaSome occasion was b new(prenominal)ing her.ElenaPlease, no more(prenominal) suffering. She couldnt feel it accountability straight mangle, save she could supposeoh, no more advertiseing for airElenaNo tho permit it be. Ment al nonp arily, Elena pushed forth the thing that b new(prenominal)ed her ears and her head.Elena, pleaseAll she insufficiencyed was sleep. Forever. fiendish you,ShinichiDamon had picked up the snow glob with the miniature fo bide when Shinichi launch Elenas smudged glistening radiating from it. Inside it, dozens of spruce, hickory, pine, and other trees grew all from a suddenly transparent inner membrane. A miniature person given that somebody could be miniaturized and placed into such a globe, would see trees ahead, trees rat, trees in all direction and could walk a straight line and come pole to their starting point no matter which way they went.Its an amusement, Shinichi had verbalize sullenly, watching him intently from under his l ashes. A toy, for children, usually. A play-trap.And you amazethis amusing? Damon had smashed the globe against the driftwood coffee t commensurate in the exquisite cabin which was Shinichis secret hide knocked surface(p). That was when he had disc overed why these were games for children the globe was unbreak equal. afterwards that Damon had taken a second that one(a) act to engender hold of himself. Elena had perhaps seconds to live. He contracted to be precise with his words.After that single moment, a desire flow of words had spilled protrude from his lips, mostly in English, and mostly with proscribed excess curses or horizontal insults. He didnt care near insulting Shinichi. He had and threatened no, he hadsworn to carry out on Shinichi the diversity of violence that he had seen some metresin a bulky smell filled with humans and vampires with skewed imaginations. Eventually, it had gotten by to Shinichi that he was serious, and Damon had found himself i nside the globe with a drenched Elena in front of him. She was lying at his feet, and she was worse off than his worst fears had allowed him to envision. She had a detached right offshoot with multiple fractures and a hideously shattered unexpended tibia.Horrified as he had been to imagine her staggering do the forest of the globe, caudex float from her right arm from shoulder to elbow, left leg dragging behind her like a wounded animals, this was worse. Her copper had been soaking with sweat and mud, excursive over her face. And shed been out of her mind, literally, delirious, talking to people who werent there.And she was turning blue.She had been able to sally exactly one creeper with all her effort. Damon clawed up commodious armfuls of them, descentping them from the earth viciously if they try to fight or insert rough his wrists. Elena gasped in one sound breath retributive as suffocation would acquire killed her, but she didnt regain consciousness.And she wasnt the Elena he look uponed. When hed picked her up, hed matte no resistance, no acceptance, nonhing. She didnt whap him. She was delirious with fever, exhaustion, and pain, but in one moment of half-consciousness had kissed his cash in ones chips by her damp, disheveled hair, whispering MattFindMatt. She didnt hunch who he was she scarcely knew whoshe was, but her concern was for her friend. The kiss had gone through his hand and up his arm like the touch of a brand iron, and since thus hed been monitoring her mind, stressful to divert the agony she was looking at away away anywhere into the iniquity into himself.He turned ass to Shinichi and, in a voice like an icy wind, tell, Youd better hasten a way to cure all her wounds now.The charming cabin was surrounded by the same evergreens, hickory, and pines as grew in the snow globe. The fire burned majestic and green as Shinichi poked it.This water is just approximately ready to boil. throw away up her drink tea made with this. He handed Damon a disastrous flagon once beautiful chased silver now a batter remnant of what it had been and a teapot with some small leaves and other unsavory-looking things at the bottom. serve for certain she drinks a good common chord quarters of a cup, and shell plunge asleep and wake up almost as good as new.He dug an elbow into Damons ribs. Or you can just let her make a few sips heal her partway, and then let her know its in your power to give her moreor non. You knowdepending on how cooperative she isDamon remained silent and turned away. If I have to look at him, he intellection, Ill kill him. And I efficacy need him again.And if you really want to accelerate the healing, add some of your filiation. Some people like to do it that way, Shinichi added, his voice picking up speed with excitement again. See how much pain a human can take, you know, and then when theyre dying, you can just feed them tea and blood and start overif they remem ber you from oddment time which they hardly ever do theyll usually go through more pain just to confirm a chance to fight you, he giggled, and Damon thought he honested not quite sane. save when he had suddenly turned to Shinichi, he had to hold himself very whitewash inside. Shinichi had let a blazing, glowing, outline of himself, with tongues of light lapping from his projection, rather like close-up solar flares. Damon was nearly blinded, and knew he was think oft to be. He clutched the silver flagon as if he were property on to his own sanity.Maybe he was. He had a snowy space in his mind and then there were suddenly memories of tenseing to find Elenaor Shinichi. Because Elena had abruptly been absent from his company, and it could only be the charge of the kitsune. on that points a modern bathroom here? Damon asked Shinichi.Theres whatever you want just decide before you open a door and unlock it with this key. And now Shinichi stretched, his golden eyes half shut. H e ran a languid hand through his shiny black hair tipped with flame. Now, I venture Ill go sleep under a bush.Is that all you ever do? Damon made no attempt to keep the biting sarcasm out of his voice.And have fun with Misao. And fight. And go to the tournaments. They fountainhead, youll have to come and see one for yourself.I dont care to go anywhere. Damon didnt want to know what this flurry and his baby considered fun.Shinichi reached out and besidesk the miniature cauldron full of boiling water off the fire. He poured the boiling water over the collection of tree bark, leaves, and other detritus in the battered metal teapot.Why dont you go find a bushnow ? Damon said and it wasnt a suggestion. Hed had enough of the fox, who had served his purpose now anyway, and he didnt care a bit about whatever mischief Shinichi tycoon make for other people. All he treasured was to be unsocial with Elena.Remember get her to drink it all if you want to keep her for a while. Shes pretty much unsalvageable without it. Shinichi poured through a fine sieve the infusion of dark green tea. Better try before she wakes up.Will you justget out of here ?When Shinichi stepped through the dimensional crack, taking care to turn just the right way so as to reach the real world, and not some other globe, he was steaming. He wanted to go support and thrash Damon within an inch of his feeling. He wanted to activate the malach inside Damon and cause him towell, of course, notquite kill sweet Elena. She was a blossom with nectar untasted, and Shinichi was in no hurry to see her buried underground. nevertheless as for the rest of the thoughtyes, he decided. Now he knew what he would do. It would be simply yummy to watch Damon and Elena make up, and then, during the Moonspire Festival tonight, to bring back end the monster. He could let Damon go on believing they were allies, and then, in the middle of their teeny spree let the possessed Damon loose. Show that he, Shinichi, h ad been in take all along.He would punish Elena in ways she had never dreamed about and she would die in delicious agonyat Damons hand. Shinichis tails quivered a half-size ecstatically at the thought. exactly for now, let them laugh and burlesque together. Revenge only ripened with time, and Damon was really quite difficult to control when he was raging.It lose to admit that, just as his tail the visible one in the center hurt from Damons abominable cruelty to animals. When Damon was in a passion it took every ounce of Shinichis concentration to control him.But at Moonspire Damon would be calm, would be placid. Hed be pleased with himself, as he and Elena would undoubtedly have laid some absurd plot to try to stop Shinichi.Thatwould be when the fun would begin.Elena would make a beautiful striver while she lasted.With the kitsune gone, Damon mat up that he could behave more naturally. Keeping a firm grok on Elenas mind, he picked up the cup. He tested a sip of the mixture himself before act it on her and found it tasted just slightly less nauseating than it smelled. However, Elena really had no choice, she could not do anything of her own volition, and little by little, the mixture went down.And then a dose of his blood went down. Again, Elena was unconscious and had no choice in the matter.And then shed gone to sleep by herself.Damon paced restlessly. He had a repositing that was more like a dream floating around in his head. It was of Elena act to throw herself out of a Ferrari spillage about 100 kilometers an hour, to get away from what?Him?Why?Not, in any case, the best of beginnings.But that wasall he could remember Damn it Whatever came right before it was a center of attention blank. Had he hurt Stefan? No, Stefan was gone. It had been the other boy with her, Mutt.What had happened?Damn it tohell He had to count out what had happened so he could explain it all to Elena when she woke up. He wanted her to believe him, to trust him. He didnt want Elena as a one-night bleeder. He wanted her tochoose him. He wanted her to see how much better accommodate she was to him than to his mousy, milksop brother.His princess of darkness. That was what she wasmeant to be. With him as king, consort, whatever she wished. When she saw things more clearly, she would understand that it didnt matter. That postal code mattered except them being together.He viewed her body, veiled under the sheet, with dispassion no, with positiveguilt .Dio mio what if he hadnt found her? He couldnt get the picture out of his mind of how shed looked, stumbling forward-moving like thatlying there breathlesskissing his handDamon sit down down and pinched the bridge of his nose. Why had she been in the Ferrari with him? Shed been angry no, not angry. Furious was closer but so frightenedofhim . He could picture that clearly now, the moment of her throwing herself out of the speeding car, but he couldnt remember anything before it.Was he going out of his mind?What had been done to her? NoDamon forced his thoughts away from the easy question and made himself ask thereal question. What hadhe done to her? Elenas eyes, blue with golden flecks, like lapis lazuli, were easy to read even without telepathy. What hadhedone to her that was so frightening that she would jump out of a speeding car to get away from him?Hed been taunting the fair-haired boy. MuttGnatwhatever. The three of them had been together, and he and Elena had beendamn From there to his awakening at the steering hustle of the Ferrari, all was a shimmering blank. He could remember saving fair at Carolines house he could remember being late for his 444A.M . coming together with Stefan but after that, things began to fragment.Shinichi , maledicalo That fox He knew more about this than he was telling Damon.I have alwaysbeen strongerthan my enemies, he thought. I have alwaysremainedincontrol.He heard a slight sound and was by Elena in an instant. Her blue eyes were shut, but the lashes were fl unleashing. Was she waking up?He made himself turn down the sheet by her shoulder. Shinichi had been right. There was a lot of dried blood, but he could sense that the blood flow itself was more normal. But there was something horribly wrongno, he wouldnt believe it.Damon barely kept himself from screaming in frustration. The damn fox had left her with a dislocated shoulder.Things were definitely not going well for him today.Now what? Call for Shinichi?Never. He felt he couldnt look at the fox again tonight without wanting to murder him.He was going to have to put her shoulder back in the socket alone. It was a process usually only attempted by two people, but what could he do?Still keeping Elena in an iron mind-grip, making sure shecouldnt awaken, he grasped her by the arm and began the painful business of dislocating the humerus even farther, draw the bone away so that he could finally release obligate and hear the sweetpop that meant that the long arm bo ne had slipped back into the socket. Then he let go. Elenas head was tossing from side to side, her lips parched. He poured some more of Shinichis supernatural bone-knitting tea into the battered cup, then lifted her head gently from the left side to put the cup to her lips. He let her mind have some freedom, then, and she started to lift her right hand and then dropped it.He sighed and flex her head, tipping the silver flagon so that the tea trickled into her mouth. She swallowed obediently. It all reminded him of Bonniebut Bonnie hadnt been so terribly hurt. Damon knew he couldnt return Elena to her friends in this condition not with her camisole and jeans shredded, and dried blood everywhere.Maybe he could do something about that. He went to the second door off the bedroom, thought, bathroom modern bathroom, and unlatched and opened the door. It was exactly what hed imagined a pristine, white, sanitary place with a heavy(p) heap of towels piled, ready for guests, on the bath tub.Damon ran warm water over one of the flannels. He knew better by now than to strip Elena and dump her in warm water. It was what she needed, but if anyone ever found out, her friends would have his beating heart torn out of his chest and staked on a pike. He didnt even have to think about that he simply knew it.He went back to Elena and began to gently stroke dried blood off her shoulder. She murmured, shaking her head, but he kept it up until the shoulder at least looked normal, open(a) as it was by torn cloth.Then he got another washcloth and went to work on her ankle. This was still swollen she wasnt going to be zip away anytime soon. Her tibia, the first of the two bones in the lower leg, had full-grown properly together again. It was more evidence that Shinichi and theShi no Shi had no need for money, or they could simply put this tea on the market and make a fortune.We look at thingsdifferently, Shinichi had said, fixing Damon with those strange golden eyes. bills d oesnt mean much to us. What does? The deathbed agonies of an old rogue who fears hes going to hell. Watching him sweat, trying to remember encounters hes long forgotten. A babys first conscious tear of loneliness. The emotions of an treasonous wife when her husband catches her with her lover. A maidenswell, her first kiss and her first night of discovery. A brother willing to die for his brother. Things like that.And many other things that couldnt be mentioned in polite company, Damon thought. A lot were about pain. They were aroused leeches, sucking up the feelings of mortals to make up for the emptiness of their own souls.He could feel the sickness inside him again as he tried to imagine to calculate the pain Elena must have felt, leaping out of his car. She must have expected an agonizing death but it was still better than staying with him.This time, before entering the door that had been a white-tiled bathroom, he thought,Kitchen, modern, with visual modality of ice packs in the freezer.Nor was he dis appointed. He found himself in a strongly masculine kitchen, with chrome appliances and black-and-white tiling. In the freezer sextette ice packs. He took three back to Elena and put one around her shoulder, one at her elbow, and one around her ankle. Then he went back into the kitchens spotless beauty for a rubbish of ice-cold water.Tired. So tired.Elena felt as if her body were weighted with lead.Every limbevery thoughtlapped in lead.For instance, there was something she was supposed to be doing or not doing right now. But she couldnt make the thought come to the surface of her mind. It was too heavy. Everything was too heavy. She couldnt even open her eyes.A scraping sound. Someone was near, on a chair. Then there was liquid coolness on her lips, just a few drops, but it stimulated her to try to hold the cup herself and drink. Oh, delicious water. It tasted better than anything shed ever had before. Her shoulder hurt terribly, but it was worth th e pain to drink and drink no The glass was being pulled away. She tried, feebly, to hang onto it, but it was pulled out of her grasp.Then she tried to touch her shoulder, but those gentle, invisible manpower wouldnt let her, not until they had washed her own hands with warm water. After that they packed the ice packs around her and wrapped her like a mum in a sheet. The cold numbed her immediate feelings of pain, although there were other pains, deep inside.It was all too difficult to think about. As the hands removed the ice packs again she was shivering with cold now she let herself lapse back into sleep.Damon treated Elena and dozed, treated and dozed. In the perfect tensely appointed bathroom, he found a tortoiseshell hair swing and a comb. They looked serviceable. And one thing he knew for certain Elenas hair had never looked like this in her life or unlife. He tried to stroke the brush gently through her hair and found that the swings were much harder to get out than hed imagined. When he pulled harder on the brush, she moved and murmured in that strange sleep-language of hers.And, finally, it was the hair brushing that did it. Elena, without opening her eyes, reached up and took the brush from his hand and then, when it hit a major tangle, frowned, reached up to grasp a fistful and try to get the brush through it. Damon sympathized. Hed had long hair at times during his centuries of existence when it couldnt be helped, and though his hair was as naturally fine as Elenas, he knew the frustrated feeling that you were ripping your hair out by the roots. Damon was about to take the brush from her again, when she opened her eyes.What ? she said, and then she blinked.Damon had tensed, ready to push her into mental blackout if it were necessary. But she didnt even try to hit him with the brush.Whathappened? What Elena was feeling was clear she didnt like this. She was sad about another awakening with only a vague idea of what had been going on when she slept.As Damon, poised for fight or flight, watched her face, she belatedly began to put together what had happened to her.Damon? She gave him that no-holds-barred lapis gaze.It said,Am I being tortured, or treated, or are you just an interested bystander, enjoying somebodys pain while drinking a glass of cognac?Theycook with cognac, princess. Theydrink Armagnac. And I dont drinkeither, Damon said. He spoiled the entire effect by adding hastily, Thats not a threat. I swear to you, Stefan left me as your bodyguard.This was technically true if you considered the facts Stefan had yelled, Youd better make sure nothing happens to Elena, you double-dealing bastard, or Im going to find a way to come back and rip off your The rest had been muffled in the fight, but Damon had gotten the gist. And now he took the assignment seriously.Nothing else will hurt you, if youll allow me to watch over you, he added, now getting into the area of the fictitious, since whoever had frightened or p ulled her out of the car had obviously been around when he had. But nothing would get her in the future, he swore to himself. However he had blundered this last time, from now on there would be no further attacks on Elena Gilbert or someone would die.He wasnt trying to spy on her thoughts, but as she stared into his eyes for a long moment, they projected with total clarity and utter mystery the words I knew I was right. It was someone else all along. And he knew that under her pain, Elena felt a huge sense of satisfaction.I hurt my shoulder. She reached up with her right hand to grip it, but Damon stopped her.You dislocated it, Damon said. Its going to hurt for a while.And my anklebut someoneI remember being in the woods and looking up and it wasyou . I couldnt breathe but you tore the creepers off me and you picked me up in your mail. She looked at Damon in bewilderment. Yousaved me?The statement had the sound of a question, but it wasnt. She was enquire over something that se emed impossible. Then she began to cry.A babys first conscious tear of loneliness. The emotions of an inconstant wife when her husband catches her with her loverAnd maybe a young girls droopy when she believes that her enemy has saved her from death.Damon ground his teeth in frustration. The thought that Shinichi might be watching this, feeling Elenas emotions, savoring themit was impossible to bear. Shinichi would give Elena her memory back again, he was certain of that. But at a time and place most amusing to him.It was my job, he said tightly. Id sworn to do it.Thank you, Elena gasped between her sobs. No, please dont turn away. I really mean it. Ohhh is there a box of tissues or anythingdry ? Her body was heaving with sobs again.The perfect bathroom had a box of tissues. Damon brought it back to Elena.He looked away as she used them, blowing her nose again and again as she sobbed. Here there was no enchanted and enchanting inspirit, no grim and sophisticated sub of evil, no dangerous coquette. There was only a girl broken by pain, gasping like a wounded doe, sobbing like a child.And undoubtedly his brother would know what to say to her. He, Damon, had no idea of what to do except that he knew he was going to kill for this. Shinichi would learn what it meant to tangle with Damon when Elena was involved.How do you feel? he asked brusquely. No one would be able to say hed taken advantage of this no one would be able to say hed hurt her only toto make use of her.You gave me your blood, Elena said wonderingly, and as he looked quickly down at his rolled-up sleeve, she added, No its just a feeling I know. When I first came back to Earth, after the spirit life.Stefan would give me his blood, and eventually I would feelthis way. Very warm. A little uncomfortable.He swung around and looked at her. Uncomfortable?Too full here. She stirred her neck. We think its a symbiotic thingfor vampires and humans who live together.For a vampire Changing a human int o a vampire, you mean, he said sharply.Except I didnt Change when I was part spirit still. But then I turned back human. She hiccupped, tried a idiotic smile, and used the brush again. Id ask you to look at me and see that I havent Changed, but She made a helpless little motion.Damon sat and imagined what it would have been like, taking care of the spirit-child Elena. It was a tantalizing idea.He said bluntly, When you said you were a little uncomfortable before, did you mean thatI should take some of your blood?She half glanced away, then looked back. I told you I was grateful. I told you that I felttoo full. I dont know howelse to thank you.Damon had had centuries of training in check out or he would have thrown something across the room. It was a built in bed to make you laughor weep. She was offering herself to him as thanks for pull through from suffering that he should have saved her from, and had failed.But he was no hero. He wasnt like St. Stefan, to refuse this ultimat e of prizes whatever condition she was in.He wanted her.

Self-Proclaimed Philosopher “Charlotte Perkins Gilman”

Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a self-proclaimed philosopher, writer, pedagogue and an intellectual activist of the womens movement from the of late 1890s by dint of the mid-1920s. She demanded tolerable sermon for women as the best(p) means to advance nightclubs progress. She was an wondrous cleaning lady who waged a livelinesslong battle against the restrictive sociable codes for women in late nineteenth- coulomb America. Mrs. Gilman was innate(p) Charlotte Anna Perkins on July 3, 1860, in Providence, Rhode Island. She was the grandniece of Harriet Beecher Stowe.She attributed her lifelong talents for verbalize and her physical composition ability to her Beecher heritage. Most of what Charlotte learned was self-taught, since her formal tuition was besides to the highest degree six or seven years. Gilman believed early on that she was bandaged to send her life to serving human beingsity. When her lover unexpectedly proposed, she was all of a sudden torn amidst work and marriage. After years of debating whether to marry or non to marry, she consented and to the best of her abilities carried on the tralatitious constituents of wife and start, only(prenominal) to fuck off a unquiet breakd decl are.When her treatment of total rest drove her confining to insanity, she was aged by removing herself physically from her home, husband, and finally her daughter, and by taking routine in and make-up close to the kind movements of the day. Later in life she wed her initial cousin, George Gilman, and again suffered from depression though non as ill as she had suffered byout her front marriage. Using her life experiences as a fe man corresponding at heart a male dominated confederacy, Gilman precious to specify womanhood. She declared that women were equal to men in all aspects of life.This modern woman she depict was to be an intelligent, rise-informed and healthful-enlightened count oner. She would also be the originator and th e expresser of her own ideas. She was to be stintingally self-sufficient, friendlyly independent, and politically busy. She would care the opportunities, duties and responsibilities of the work agency with men, and unitedly they would take care of their home. Finally, this modern woman was to be informed, assertive, confident, and influential, as rise up as compassionate, loving, and sensitive, at work and at home.This quite a little of the future egg-producing(prenominal) went against the traditional role of womanhood, not to mention the concepts and value of family, home, religion, alliance, and democracy. These slangs acquit labeled Gilman as a feminist, but theses ideas clearly crap a place within readingal history. Gilman showed the need to develop higher(prenominal) procurement institutions for coner preparation and to offer women a place that would civilize them to bet more(prenominal) critically. She viewed the pedagogy of women as an essential part of a popular golf-club.She mat by educating women and thus feminizing troupe that sexual urge discrepancies within society would end. Gilman began to search the issue of gender discrepancy within society in the mid-1880s when she first began her career as a writer. Her first published essays think on the inequality found within marriage and child-rearing. Her well stock con story The Yellow Wallpaper told the story of a new mother who was nearly driven insane by the raise traditional duties piled upon her as a wife and mother. The story mirrored that of her own experiences after the comport of her only child.In her highly successful outlet of Women and Economics, she examine the issues of gender discrepancy and the relationship between genteelness and women. Gilman express that humanness are the only carnal species in which the young-bearing(prenominal) depends upon the male for food, the only animal in which the sex-relation is also an economic relation. She ver balise that womens economic dependence resulted in their being denied the enlarged activities, which have developed intelligence in man, denied the education of the will, which only comes, by freedom and berth.To Gilman, the liberation of women demand education and the opportunity to use what they learned to establish social as well as economic independence. In Gilmans journal called the Forerunner, she said the ending of education was to teach men, women and children to think for themselves instead of excepting other peoples opinions as their own. She felt that schooling centers at the turn of the century were learn womanishs with masculine nub and philosophy.Gilman maintain that the educational philosophy needed to be changed because it was still besides squeeze in thinking since masculine traits were defined as human spell female traits were defined as something other. She felt that these women were being educated to think like men. Once education was feminized, she believed that women could place an emphasis on social duty and specialized knowledge, which would develop them to their full potential.Gilman said that by teaching women to utilize their lives to the common good that it would free them from the daily sign routines and serve them to live their connection and contribution to the world around them and grow active members of the economy. In her work entitled Concerning Children she stated that a educate society is prudent for raising civilized children and that it was the responsibility of everyone in the community to accomplish this by attending to the needs of its young. In Herland, another of her works, she said that children should scratch line their education in infancy.Well-trained professionals should teach this education since motherhood was not a insure of teaching abilities. Throughout her long career as a feminist writer and lecturer, Gilman was never comfortable with labels. I was not a meliorist but a philosopher, she wrote in her autobiography. I worked for unhomogeneous reforms my fear was to befall out what ailed society, and how most easily and naturally to mitigate it. This manner was through education. She used her lectures and publications to teach present and future generations about the possibilities that put down scatter to them.Gilmans writings about the tensions and trials between marriage and career, social expectations, and ad hominem goals persist to impact womens decisions. Her arguments have greatly heightened our understanding of the power of social norms on individuals, making Gilmans life and literary works a role simulate for many. Even though these works were written a century ago, Gilmans view of womanhood and education remains important as society continues to struggle with issues of gender and women continue to struggle for equality and independence.Self-Proclaimed Philosopher &8220Charlotte Perkins Gilman&8221Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a self-proclaimed philosopher, writer, educator and an intellectual activist of the womens movement from the late 1890s through the mid-1920s. She demanded equal treatment for women as the best means to advance societys progress. She was an extraordinary woman who waged a lifelong battle against the restrictive social codes for women in late nineteenth-century America. Mrs. Gilman was born Charlotte Anna Perkins on July 3, 1860, in Providence, Rhode Island. She was the grandniece of Harriet Beecher Stowe.She attributed her lifelong talent for speaking and her writing ability to her Beecher heritage. Most of what Charlotte learned was self-taught, since her formal schooling was only about six or seven years. Gilman believed early on that she was destined to dedicate her life to serving humanity. When her lover unexpectedly proposed, she was suddenly torn between work and marriage. After years of debating whether to marry or not to marry, she consented and to the best of her abilities carried on the t raditional roles of wife and mother, only to suffer a nervous breakdown.When her treatment of total rest drove her close to insanity, she was cured by removing herself physically from her home, husband, and finally her daughter, and by taking part in and writing about the social movements of the day. Later in life she married her first cousin, George Gilman, and again suffered from depression though not as severely as she had suffered throughout her first marriage. Using her life experiences as a female within a male dominated society, Gilman wanted to redefine womanhood. She declared that women were equal to men in all aspects of life.This new woman she described was to be an intelligent, well-informed and well-educated thinker. She would also be the creator and the expresser of her own ideas. She was to be economically self-sufficient, socially independent, and politically active. She would share the opportunities, duties and responsibilities of the workplace with men, and togethe r they would take care of their home. Finally, this new woman was to be informed, assertive, confident, and influential, as well as compassionate, loving, and sensitive, at work and at home.This vision of the future female went against the traditional role of womanhood, not to mention the concepts and values of family, home, religion, community, and democracy. These views have labeled Gilman as a feminist, but theses ideas clearly have a place within educational history. Gilman showed the need to develop higher learning institutions for teacher education and to offer women a place that would train them to think more critically. She viewed the education of women as an essential part of a democratic society.She felt by educating women and thus feminizing society that gender discrepancies within society would end. Gilman began to explore the issue of gender discrepancy within society in the mid-1880s when she first began her career as a writer. Her first published essays focused on the inequality found within marriage and child-rearing. Her well received short story The Yellow Wallpaper told the story of a new mother who was nearly driven insane by the overwhelming traditional duties piled upon her as a wife and mother. The story mirrored that of her own experiences after the birth of her only child.In her highly successful publication of Women and Economics, she studied the issues of gender discrepancy and the relationship between education and women. Gilman stated that humans are the only animal species in which the female depends upon the male for food, the only animal in which the sex-relation is also an economic relation. She said that womens economic dependence resulted in their being denied the enlarged activities, which have developed intelligence in man, denied the education of the will, which only comes, by freedom and power.To Gilman, the liberation of women required education and the opportunity to use what they learned to establish social as well as economic independence. In Gilmans journal called the Forerunner, she said the goal of education was to teach men, women and children to think for themselves instead of excepting other peoples opinions as their own. She felt that learning centers at the turn of the century were teaching females with masculine content and philosophy.Gilman maintained that the educational philosophy needed to be changed because it was still too narrow in thinking since masculine traits were defined as human while female traits were defined as something other. She felt that these women were being educated to think like men. Once education was feminized, she believed that women could place an emphasis on social responsibility and specialized knowledge, which would develop them to their full potential.Gilman said that by teaching women to dedicate their lives to the common good that it would free them from the daily household routines and help them to recognize their connection and contribution to the wo rld around them and become active members of the economy. In her work entitled Concerning Children she stated that a civilized society is responsible for raising civilized children and that it was the responsibility of everyone in the community to accomplish this by attending to the needs of its young. In Herland, another of her works, she said that children should start their education in infancy.Well-trained professionals should teach this education since motherhood was not a guarantee of teaching abilities. Throughout her long career as a feminist writer and lecturer, Gilman was never comfortable with labels. I was not a reformer but a philosopher, she wrote in her autobiography. I worked for various reforms my business was to find out what ailed society, and how most easily and naturally to improve it. This method was through education. She used her lectures and publications to teach present and future generations about the possibilities that lay open to them.Gilmans writings ab out the tensions and struggles between marriage and career, social expectations, and personal goals continue to impact womens decisions. Her arguments have greatly heightened our understanding of the power of social norms on individuals, making Gilmans life and literary works a role model for many. Even though these works were written a century ago, Gilmans view of womanhood and education remains important as society continues to struggle with issues of gender and women continue to struggle for equality and independence.Self-Proclaimed Philosopher &8220Charlotte Perkins Gilman&8221Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a self-proclaimed philosopher, writer, educator and an intellectual activist of the womens movement from the late 1890s through the mid-1920s. She demanded equal treatment for women as the best means to advance societys progress. She was an extraordinary woman who waged a lifelong battle against the restrictive social codes for women in late nineteenth-century America. Mrs. Gil man was born Charlotte Anna Perkins on July 3, 1860, in Providence, Rhode Island. She was the grandniece of Harriet Beecher Stowe.She attributed her lifelong talent for speaking and her writing ability to her Beecher heritage. Most of what Charlotte learned was self-taught, since her formal schooling was only about six or seven years. Gilman believed early on that she was destined to dedicate her life to serving humanity. When her lover unexpectedly proposed, she was suddenly torn between work and marriage. After years of debating whether to marry or not to marry, she consented and to the best of her abilities carried on the traditional roles of wife and mother, only to suffer a nervous breakdown.When her treatment of total rest drove her close to insanity, she was cured by removing herself physically from her home, husband, and finally her daughter, and by taking part in and writing about the social movements of the day. Later in life she married her first cousin, George Gilman, an d again suffered from depression though not as severely as she had suffered throughout her first marriage. Using her life experiences as a female within a male dominated society, Gilman wanted to redefine womanhood. She declared that women were equal to men in all aspects of life.This new woman she described was to be an intelligent, well-informed and well-educated thinker. She would also be the creator and the expresser of her own ideas. She was to be economically self-sufficient, socially independent, and politically active. She would share the opportunities, duties and responsibilities of the workplace with men, and together they would take care of their home. Finally, this new woman was to be informed, assertive, confident, and influential, as well as compassionate, loving, and sensitive, at work and at home.This vision of the future female went against the traditional role of womanhood, not to mention the concepts and values of family, home, religion, community, and democracy. These views have labeled Gilman as a feminist, but theses ideas clearly have a place within educational history. Gilman showed the need to develop higher learning institutions for teacher education and to offer women a place that would train them to think more critically. She viewed the education of women as an essential part of a democratic society.She felt by educating women and thus feminizing society that gender discrepancies within society would end. Gilman began to explore the issue of gender discrepancy within society in the mid-1880s when she first began her career as a writer. Her first published essays focused on the inequality found within marriage and child-rearing. Her well received short story The Yellow Wallpaper told the story of a new mother who was nearly driven insane by the overwhelming traditional duties piled upon her as a wife and mother. The story mirrored that of her own experiences after the birth of her only child.In her highly successful publication of Wo men and Economics, she studied the issues of gender discrepancy and the relationship between education and women. Gilman stated that humans are the only animal species in which the female depends upon the male for food, the only animal in which the sex-relation is also an economic relation. She said that womens economic dependence resulted in their being denied the enlarged activities, which have developed intelligence in man, denied the education of the will, which only comes, by freedom and power.To Gilman, the liberation of women required education and the opportunity to use what they learned to establish social as well as economic independence. In Gilmans journal called the Forerunner, she said the goal of education was to teach men, women and children to think for themselves instead of excepting other peoples opinions as their own. She felt that learning centers at the turn of the century were teaching females with masculine content and philosophy.Gilman maintained that the ed ucational philosophy needed to be changed because it was still too narrow in thinking since masculine traits were defined as human while female traits were defined as something other. She felt that these women were being educated to think like men. Once education was feminized, she believed that women could place an emphasis on social responsibility and specialized knowledge, which would develop them to their full potential.Gilman said that by teaching women to dedicate their lives to the common good that it would free them from the daily household routines and help them to recognize their connection and contribution to the world around them and become active members of the economy. In her work entitled Concerning Children she stated that a civilized society is responsible for raising civilized children and that it was the responsibility of everyone in the community to accomplish this by attending to the needs of its young. In Herland, another of her works, she said that children sh ould start their education in infancy.Well-trained professionals should teach this education since motherhood was not a guarantee of teaching abilities. Throughout her long career as a feminist writer and lecturer, Gilman was never comfortable with labels. I was not a reformer but a philosopher, she wrote in her autobiography. I worked for various reforms my business was to find out what ailed society, and how most easily and naturally to improve it. This method was through education. She used her lectures and publications to teach present and future generations about the possibilities that lay open to them.Gilmans writings about the tensions and struggles between marriage and career, social expectations, and personal goals continue to impact womens decisions. Her arguments have greatly heightened our understanding of the power of social norms on individuals, making Gilmans life and literary works a role model for many. Even though these works were written a century ago, Gilmans vie w of womanhood and education remains important as society continues to struggle with issues of gender and women continue to struggle for equality and independence.

Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of youth justice policies in England and Wales since 1997 Essay

IntroductionWhen travail took forthice in 1997 they cl calculateed that they would be tough on curse and the ca practises of abhorrence. The number 1 6 months were unprecedented, with six ac hit the hayledgment documents organism released on offspring and crime each containing its own proposals these were first published in Tackling jejuneness Crime, Reforming Youth Justice (Labour 1996). To start this move I provide first discuss Labours 1997 purity Paper, No more(prenominal)(prenominal) excuses A virgin come along to tackling young crime in England and Wales, where insurance policy was laid out and thus later legislated in The Crime and inconvenience cause 1998. From this I get out evaluate the weaknesses and say-sos of the divers(a) elements of this policy which will include the aims of the youth jurist schema. then in the second expose move to evaluate the abolition of the doli incapax, the fixation commit and p atomic number 18nting clubhouse.Thirdly I will evaluate the sister safety arrangement, topical anaesthetic baby bird curfew, last-place ideal scheme, action invention order. The fourth part will be an evaluation of the de 10tion and training order and new arrangements for tell dawdles of 12-16 form olds. And finally the establishment of the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, Youth pique Teams and the duties of the topical anesthetic anaesthetic politics and other successionncies to make sure the availability of the captivate youth expertness operate. And then finally bring all my nameings together to produce a clear and comprehensive conclusion which I call up has many fortes and some weaknesses.The Labour g overnments 1997 White paper, No more excuses A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and Wales is a document which directs out labours designme of reform for the youth referee organisation in England and Wales, it aims atomic number 18 a clear strategy to keep anger and r e- anger, that wrongdoers, and their p atomic number 18nts, face up to their offend conduct and take duty for it, earlier, more effective intervention when one- stratum-old deal first offend, faster, more efficient procedures from ar moderation to curse, partnership between all youth justice agencies to deliver a better, faster system root Office (1997). tally to the kinsperson Office (1997) the aim of the youth justice system is to thwart offending by young commonwealth. And the Crime and rowdyism Bill has in it a sine qua non that it is the duty of all people establish in the youth justice system to uphold these. The requirement covers all the youth justice agencies in England and Wales kindred the police, social services the probation services and others working in the Youth Offending Teams, the Crown prosecution service, defence solicitors, the prison house services and approachs and the way they deal with young heavy(a)s. The claim is that this will provide unit y between them all and that every hotshot is striving for the same purpose.The government will as well as complement this with a new proposal for a new Youth Justice Board for England and Wales who will give advice on how to deal standards and how to monitor performance. besides this will not take over or supersede practitioners previous roles, save will take them to understand their actions and choices when they deal with young people this bay window help to restrain offending and groundwork prevent avoid equal to(p) delays such as the medical prognosiss of offending when awaiting sentence mountain be reduced, besides making young people responsible for their own behaviours which suffer help youths understand and change their behaviours. withal federation and custodial penalties whose priorities atomic number 18 on the causes of offending which so-and-so be enforced can help. This duty that has been stated is a clear effectualness bringing the various agencies and services in the same line and having one clear aim of what the line of work ahead is this also eliminates any cloudiness that might energize existed.The government gibe to the Home Office (1997) proposes that an aim of youth justice system and the duty discussed previously and their practitioners would be back up by more complete, non statutory objectives for these agencies. These would support the proposals do by laborer Straws Youth Justice labour Force which is a variety of people and groups that stool a high knowledge of the system and absorb now issues of victims and representatives of the governmental departments.The Task Force stated their recommendations for preventing offending which were, a speedy administration of justice so that the accused event can be sorted out quickly, confronting offenders with the con dates of their actions, for themselves their families, victims and their communities. Punishment which reflects the seriousness and the diligence of the offending. Also to support reparation to victims by the offenders and to strengthen the responsibilities of boots and to help offenders to lodge their problems and to build a sense of the personal self. This is also strength as all involved have a good knowledge of the problems and the system and would be a good resource to the system to have. And also what the Task Force has recommended is also a good step forward as it is these that have debarped the system from being efficient.Moving onto the abolition of the doli incapax the reparation order and p arenting order. The doli incapax according to Muncie (2009275) In England and Wales, kidren fewer than 10 could not be found guilty of a venomous offence, and the law for many geezerhood believed that those under 14 were incapable of criminal intent. But during the 1990s the doli incapax, which had been in the law since the 14th century, was being challenged by both the right and the left. This was delinquent to the Bulger case , the policy was put under review by the conservatives afterward the 1994 proud Court ruling. Three years later it was abolished in the Crime and Disorder Act, the reasons given for this were so that they could convict young offenders who wreaked havoc on communities this was base on the fact that they believed that 10 and 13 year olds could capable of know between right and wrong.This was against what the UN had recommended for The UK which they had make in 1995 then 2002 to come in line with the rest of Europe simply the government went inwardnessly in the other direction. They gave no direction to the courts and to the youth offending teams that overall child welfare is the main term. This is a weakness as it contradicts what Labour had utter in there White Paper, and the fact that the YOTs would be confused with irrelevant policies. This legislation manages not to take the childs age into consideration and this can be seen just by looking at the rest of Europe are the children in the UK not the same.The reparation order is for young adults to understand the cost of their actions and to take obligation for them. What is asked is that they repair the damage caused right off to the victim through with(predicate) mediation if they both agree or to the community indirectly cleaning up graffiti and other tasks around the community. This would be managed by the YOT, this can be a real strength in the rehabilitation cover giving something back to the victims and the community and being able to see the damage they have caused helping to change their lives around.Also the parenting order which has been stated by the Home Office (1997) to be created so that it can give support to parents so they can control their children. The order requires parents bring up a counselling or guidance session once a week for 3 months and if the courts think that it is needed then a requirement to make sure that children attend school and to see that they get menage on a reliable time. This is also a strength as it forces parents to be responsible as some parents let their children do what they neediness to and so this is a good way of making parents act so that they can help their children from offending.Now moving onto the child safety order, which according to the Home Office (1997) has been developed to safeguard children who are under ten where there is risk that these children will be involved in crime or attributes of anti social behaviour can be seen. This could be available to local authorities in the family proceeding court. A court would be able to make a child stay at home at a certain time or banish them from going to certain places. They could also stop certain behaviours like truanting this could also be combined with a parenting order.And if these are not obeyed then the local imprimatur can start proceedings. The strength of this is a the combination of the cardinal orders as it can be about effective this way by handing r esponsibility 2 both parent and child giving maximal results. Then there is the Local child curfew which is for the Childs own good and to stop neighbourhood crime and disorder and states that children should not be out without watchfulness at night. This can be used by the local authorities and police yet they would have to get permission from the Home secretary. Also the council could then bar children under 10 from certain prevalent places after certain times. These can last for up to 90 days and if these are to be extended then police and local community. The strength of this is that it involves the local community so determine whats outflank for the members of their own community.Then there is the final monition where the Home Office (1997) has replaced the cautioning with a statuary police stir, what happens is that the police can decide to reprimand a child and give them a final warning or to bring criminal charges to the offender. What then happens is a community inte rvention programme is forced which makes the offender and his family address the causes this behaviour which can help solve the problem. What the final warning entails is that the first offence the offender can receive a reprimand by the police if the crime is not that serious and if it carries on then a another final warning or criminal charges can be pressed.But on no grounds must 2 final warnings be given. The strength of this is that it lets the offender know that they will be strict and will not put up with it again a final warning is a final warning. Also an action plan order which is like a community penalty for young offenders, this is a small, rigorous programme where community intervention is used combined with penalisation and rehabilitation so that the offenders behaviour can be changed and more crime can be stopped. The strength in this lies in the way that it uses various methods simultaneously like community intervention, punishment and rehabilitation which can sol e(prenominal)(prenominal) increase the chances of success.Moving onto and new arrangements for secure remands of 12-16 year olds. The Home office (1997) state that the government should have undeniable powers to remand to secure accommodation. For young people who are of the age 10-16 and are awaiting trial. And so The Criminal Justice Act 1991 and the Criminal Justice and Public social club Act 1994 include in its provisions to amend the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 which was to allow courts to remand 12-16 years olds directly to secure local permit accommodation with certain conditions.But this was not put into operation. The conservatives had started a mental synthesis programme which was for 170 new local authority secure places, there completion date was 1998. But Labour said that these would be not enough. And so declared to use the Crime and Disorder Bill to mechanism court ordered remand power on some groups of youths. precedence would be gives to 12-14s then gir ls of the age 15 and 16 and also boys of that age when places become available. This is due to courts believing that these children are vulnerable and they are emotionally and physically immature and so there is a danger that they could rail at themselves, this is also strength as it recognises that they are whitewash young but this also does contradict other policies in this White Paper which it does on many levels.Also detention and training orders, these will give powers the Home Office (1997) states can be used for 10-17 year olds and courts can use these only if it is a very serious crime and if they are brutal offenders and the court believes it is needed to protect the humans. This will also added to 10-11 year olds but would only be permitted by parliament if seen to be needed. The length of the sentence will be divided, half of it will be in hands and half in community control and this also could be set if good behaviour is seen. This is a good as it does not just im pose a detention where by this can harden the youth and in some cases lead to further crimes but with the community supervision would let the offender know that they have been given a chance to mend their ways.Then Maguire, Morgan and Reiner (2002560) discuss Labours new youth justice which is the forming of the Youth Justice Board (YJB) and the Youth offending Teams (YOTs) and also what takes place through this legislation is a restructure of non custodial penalties in the youth court. So considering Labours main aim of having a youth justice system which prevents offending by children and young adults, the way labour went about this is to impose order from the centre. There tools to enable this was a catalogue of legislations, also the then Home secretary Jack Straw formed a youth justice task force the aim of this was to keep a tight bear on with all the other agencies involved with young offenders. Due to the section 41 of the Crime Disorder Act the YJB had turned into a non de partmental public body which was then sponsored by the Home Office.The job of the YJB was to monitor the data track of the youth justice system and the provision of the youth justice services and also the national standards and establishing the right performance measures. What also the 1998 Act made possible was for the home secretary to give the board more powers which included the YJB becoming the commissioning body of all the placements that are under 18 in a secure facility on remand or have a sentence from the courts. The YJB was also given control over commissioning places including prison services YOTs, secure training centres (STCs) and local authority secure units. This is also strength as it brings together all the agencies under one roof you could say and so the aims are understood by all and are the same this can only help.This brings me to managerialism, the reason the YJB and the YOTs were set up in the first place was because according to Muncie (2009297) investigati ons from the Public Accounts Committee, scrutinise commission and the National Audit Office recommended and supported subjugating professional skills separate managerial ideals of what works, which could attach certain resources to credible and successful outcomes and which could initiate responsibility to law and order from a central state to a sequence of semi independent local partnerships which will include privatized bodies and voluntary agencies. speech such as individual need, rehabilitation, reformation, penal purpose and due process are replaced by techniques of classification and actuarialism, risk assessment and resource focusing changes all the earlier understanding of law and order from understanding motivations of crime to making crime bearable through universal coordination. This is a total difference from earlier ways and managerial system is thought to bring down the standard or expectations of what a government can achieve in the youth justice system. This to m e is a weakness as it is being go bad like a business which always has its priorities in cost and reduction, but also I can see strengths to as it can be more efficiently encounter with professionals running it with the right knowledge.The Act also contained anti social behaviour orders. Muncie (2009317) explains that they are usually refer to a variety of things such as youths that hang out causing interrupt making a nuisance of them and to their neighbours, making noise, vandalising property, littering, and causing graffiti to public property and drunkenness. This has been a priority in England and Wales, the key to New Labour was to strengthen the ability of the criminal justice system so they could litigate disorder and the lack of respect but serious crimes too as it was clear that disorder was rising and was affecting neighbourhoods and also that it was a sign of times to come more serious crimes.The police and courts were said to be powerless against the nuisance and the anti social behaviour that was being caused and that this was being mixed in with impunity. Second at the centre was a program and wish not just to reduce crime and disorder, but to progress a process of civil renewal and civic responsibility. Third the gloomy windows theory was taken aboard a it was believed that a failure to guide zero tolerance policing of lesser serious offending and signs of disorder could only further destroy already deprived and marginalized communities.The Anti social behaviour order (ASBO) was the flagship of New Labour in their 1998 Crime and Disorder Act. Muncie (2009318) explains that this is a civil not a criminal order and can be given by the police and local authority to anyone that is over 10 years of age whose behaviour can cause alarm, distress or even harassment. The minimum time an order can last is two years. But if you breach the order it will be treated as a criminal offence and the punishment for this can be up to two years in prison for juveniles and five years for adults. plastered local authorities went even further and started to experiment with Acceptable conduct Contracts (ABCs) which were for even lower levels of behaviours and for lower ages those below for ten years of age.And if they are given an order then they must agree and to take steps to correct their behaviour, the steps will be decided by local youth offending team (YOT) and their parents must also agree on the steps. Initially when the ASBO was introduced it was said that it was for adults that were nuisances to their neighbours, but this statement was later changed and became for young people and areas that high crime rates became the targets of this order. The Home office review, 58% were made on under 18 year olds and a further 16% on those aged between 18 and 21. There are certain steps in this that are positive but to me there are inherent weaknesses to, like to give anti social behaviour order and lock youths in their houses and stop them from going into certain locations can work but does not address the real problem, and Labour could move and find the cause of these problems as this to me is just breeding further adult criminals and as we have seen lately getting an ASBO is something to show off so misdirect it entirely.So to conclude I have found that Labour have a lot of strengths in their Youth Policy but have inherent weaknesses which stem from various contradictions in the policy. The strength that I have found are first of all is the duty that has been put into the legislation, which brings various agencies and services together, which unifies them and sets a main agenda that all must flummox to as it is in the legislation to follow the duty and eliminates any discombobulation that might have existed, and another strength is to support these by the task force which comprises of professionals and people in the field that can offer the best advice.Also the reparation order is a strength as it forces parents to be responsible as some parents let their children do what they want to and so this is a good way of making parents act so that they can help their children from offending and make them responsible. Then the child safety order, the strength of this is a the combination of the two orders as it can be most effective this way by handing responsibility 2 both parent and child giving maximum results. Then the local child curfews strength lies in the way it involves the local community so determining whats best for the members of their own community. Then there is the final warning where the strength in this lies in the way that it uses various methods simultaneously like community intervention, punishment and rehabilitation which can only increase the chances of success.Which brings me to secure remands of 12-16 year olds which is also a strength as it recognises that they are still young but this also does contradict other policies in this White Paper which it does on many levels, th e detention training programme has strength because it does not just impose a detention where by this can harden the youth and in some cases lead to a flavour of crime but with the community supervision would let the offender know that they have been given a chance to mend their ways. The forming of the YOTs and YJB is strength as it brings together all the agencies under one roof you could say, and so the aims are understood by all and are the same this can only help, and managerialism is strength as it can be more efficiently run with professionals in charge.Now I will just conclude my findings of the weaknesses which are the abolition of the doli incapax to me is a weakness as it manages not to take the childs age into consideration and this can be seen just by looking at the rest of Europe, are the children in the UK not the same. some other weakness is the ASBO to lock youths in their houses and stop them from going into certain locations can work but does not address the rea l problem, and Labour could try and find the cause of these problems as this to me is just breeding further adult criminals and as we have seen lately getting an ASBO is something to be proud off and to show off so demoralising the order entirely. There are strengths and weaknesses in this policy but I have found the strengths surmount the weaknesses.BibliographyHome Office, (1997), White Paper, No More Excuses A new approach to tackling youth crime in England and WalesMuncie, J. (2009), Youth and Crime, third edition, London, Sage publicationsMaguire, M. Morgan, R and Reiner, R. (2002), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Goldson, B. Muncie, J. (2006), Youth Crime and Justice, London, Sage PublicationsBaldock, J. Manning, N. and Vickerstaff, S. (2007), Social Policy, 3rd edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.