Disabled Childrens Access to Childcare Programme

disencap open Childrens Access to Childc argon ProgrammeThe Services Available to disabled Children mental hospital check is both in all too oftentimes seen as a necessitateionate chore i.e. it is seen either in end points of individualised tragedy or of blame. Disability has been theorised in a number of different ship endureal, most of which come in the business in the individual rather than the broader loving, political, and economic influences. This has implications non scarcely for the location of the blame for social conundrums and excessively for the ship canal in which train for certain groups be delivered and portaled. both too often vex to emoluments is hindered for pincerren with disabilities and the burden of c atomic number 18 is left to the family (Moore, 2002). In many cases it would search that if a child has a disability thus this is seen as a matter of hush-hush concern for families. The present Government advocates a sundry(a) provi dence of welfare where welfare is provided in cave in by the cite and partly by private companies operating for profit. The shift from public to private has received much publicity and contributed to social hassles and to social exclusion (Giddens, 2001).The mingled economy of care (largely as a terminus of the 1990 NHS and community of interests sustainment Act) has meant that access to care for children with disabilities has become problematic. Thus families who are already stretched some(prenominal) financially and emotionally face kick upstairs stress as the result of being unable to access appropriate care and assistances for their child. This tends to meet the view that having a child with a disability results in the family as a whole being change by the unjust ball club in which it is situated (Fazil et al, 2002)..Within the human portions great stress is placed on the rights of the benefit user, and this discourse is also evident in Government debates on soci al support and caring for tidy sum with disabilities. All too often however, this remains at the level of discourse and is non followed through when it comes to policy making. This assignment volition therefore undertake a critical review of research into the swear outs available to disabled children to task whether the problem is as broad as some theorists would accept us believe, and what mightiness be d angiotensin-converting enzyme to alleviate the problems face up by families who see a child with a disability.Research QuestionWhat operate are available to children with disabilities and what are the difficulties associated with accessing them.ProtocolThe area of interest is children with disabilities. The divulgecomes are what dos are available and what if any difficulties might be associated with accessing those services.ObjectivesTo carry out a critical review of literature to discover what services are available to children with disabilities.To ascertain whether i t might be argued that scholarships of disability might affect what services are on offer and how these might be accessed.To tax whether put forwards receive accurate information from professionalsTo make recommendationsSearch StrategyA broad search was undertaken of the followingDisability and ordinationCommunity takeBritish journal of social work Child misgiving, health and knowledgewww.doh.gov.uk/researchwww.socresonline.org.ukwww.jrf.org.ukwww.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/archframeA broad search of Taylor Francis journals and Google Scholar was also undertaken. key out word and key word phrases were, disability, family, service users, disabled children, disabled children and their access to services, access to services for disabled children, effects of disability on family conduct. piece of the problem for disabled children and their families has been an over-reliance on the checkup model of disability which locates the problem within the person. Inclusion discourses and debates about discrimination tend to suggest that this pathologising of children with disabilities is further extended to their families for example Bowler and Lister Brook (1997) when speaking of children with D admites Syndrome advance thatThe identification of a genetic basis for Downes Syndrome led many researchers to look the possibility that there might be behavioural phe nonypes in rise to power to physical phenotypes that result from specific genetic abaveragealities (Lister and Brook, 1997 p.13).Clearly this is locating the problem within the child and does nothing to improve perceptions of either the disabled child or his/her family thus discriminating against the family as a unit. Most of the studies looked at in the following review, and the ones concentrated on in the analysis, report belie perceptions of disabled children and their families. They also report that services for disabled children are not consistent nor easily accessible.The key concept s that were present in the literature were an presumptuousness that people slang plenty of extended family support, use of formal and on the loose(p) care arrangements, any difficulties in securing access to appropriate services, and the effects that having a child with disabilities has on families. Most of the research indicated that crosswise the board service provision for children with disabilities was at best patchy and at worst mournful and that it was this, on with perceptions of disabled children and their families that affected access to appropriate services.The review begins with an indepth sagacity of three studies in particular and wherefore reviews the concepts generally.Families and Children with DisabilitiesFazil et al (2002) undertook a triangulated es put forward (i.e. one that uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods) into the circumstances of xx Pakistani and East Pakistani families in the West Midlands who had at least one disabled child. The aim of the research was to try and understand whether and in what ways the discrimination that these families might face was compounded due to the fact that they had a child or children with disabilities. The researchers used a combination of structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to incur their results. The research focused on parents experiences, their use of formal services, their material circumstances, and the ways in which having a child/children with disabilities affected their lives. A significant determination of this research was that while Government discourses centre on the integration of service provision in Birmingham (where these families live) there wasThe absence of systematic services which came across most strikingly (Fazil et al, 2002,p.251)This view is supported by research undertaken by the Audit Commission (2003) whose findings suggested that across the country, rather than the integrated and joined up services that are promised, servic e provision was a lottery. How much service and what kind of services offered to disabled children and their families depended very much on which part of the country they lived in.Clearly the move to make alliance working the norm does not always succeed. Molyneux (2001)1 maintains that this tho works when certain guidelines are conventional at the outset. His research into winnerful inter-professional working established three areas that contributed to the success of such partnerships. Staff needed to be fully committed to what they were doing and personal qualities of adaptability, flexibility and a willingness to appropriate with others were high on the agenda. Regular and irresponsible communication between professionals was seen as endemic to good working relationships and service delivery. This communication was enhanced (in the speculate) by the instigation of weekly case conferences which allowed professionals to share knowledge and experiences (2001, p.3).Dowling and Do lan (2001) undertook secondary analysis of a qualitative study utilise the social model of disability as an analytical frame. Disability is usually defined too ways, as a aesculapian model where the problem is rigid in the person and the social model where the problem is located in society i.e. as a social problem. The researchers rig that having a disabled child in a family could marginalize the whole family who then suffered from unequal opportunities and outcomes. Through their use of the social model of disability as an analytical framework the researchers imbed that these families often suffered financial hardship on with stress created by social barriers, prejudice and poor service provision. nearly studies tend to suggest that much of the care that is on offer is discriminative that is to say it takes the view that disabled children and their parents have a tendency to be over reliant on services. This article was a summary of the work undertaken in Leicester and it did not therefore, contain the views of parents and their children. Bush (2005) is a senior film director in childrens services and in his summary of what are called inclusive services for disabled children he points out that the services are only on offer for a short while so as to discourage over-dependence on the service. This is not to say that some of the tasks undertaken by this partnership group are not beneficial, but there is no plug that any of the services would be ongoing.Fazil et al (2002) focused on the problems faced by members of two specific ethnic groups, the study was included because it was snarl that the problems and lookings expressed within the study were quite representative of the feelings and experiences of many parents who have a child or children with disabilities. Although the study was very small, consisting of only twenty people, the use of both qualitative and quantitative data gave the study a breadth that it might not otherwise have had. Certai nly the implications of the study were that services are difficult to access and all too often professionals make assumptions about the level of care and support that parents are able to give these assumptions were also made in relation family support systems that the respondents whitethorn have had. The research also found that lack of support and the continue struggle to access services and make ends meet affected parents views of themselves and their abilities to distribute.Bryman (2004) has this to say about the use of both quantitative and qualitative methodsIt implies that the results of an investigation employing a method associated with one research strategy are cross-checked against the results of using a method associated with the other research strategy (Bryman, 2004, p.454).All in all the study was fairly well balanced, and did not for example, appear to exaggerate parents fears. The use of data triangulation tends to add weight to the findings of this particular stud y.Dowling and Dolans (2001) study tends to support the findings of Fazil et al. There appears to be a common feeling that when families have a disabled child or children then they, along with their child, are marginalised. Such marginalisation leads to stress in families and problems in accessing care. In many cases professional assumptions about these families increase the stress involved in obtaining appropriate services and care. This in turn supports the findings of Gregory (1991) that perceptions of disability and the assumption of agnatic responsibility has a huge impact on family relationships and on respondents own views of themselves as parents.Bushs (2005) summary of a particular jutting in Leicester supports the idea that parents of disabled children are in some way responsible. The services in Leicester operate to help parents cope with their disabled child in the short term and then the lode is placed back on parents in the long term. The project aims to preclude wh at it terms as an over dependence on service provision. It attends to be the case that the feelings that the parents of disabled children have expressed in other studies are generated by the kind of services that treat parents as though they are trying to shirk their responsibilities to their children. This was a very short article that concisely described the services on offer, some of which would need to be continue even though they were only provided on a short term basis, for example physiotherapy. As the author of the article statesEach intervention is administered with the function of ensuring that the services are short-term and discourage dependency (Bush, 2005, p.128).This whitethorn seem overly critical of the project because until its inception two years ago many of the services that it offers were not available at all in Leicester. The fact that even now they are only available in the short term tends to support the notion that access to services for disabled childre n is often problematic.Access and Attitudes in Service ProvisionCase (2001) found that parents of children with reading disabilities were often dissatisfied with the professionals with whom they came into contact and when services were provided they tended to be responsive to the problem rather than proactive in solving it. Perceptions of children with disabilities, and particularly learning disabilities are often devalued by society and this devaluation is evident in poor service provision (Chappell, 1997). King et al (1997) maintain that service provision often reflects how children with disabilities are perceived by medical and social work professionals rather than the needs of an individual child. This follows the view among many researchers that the medical model of disability is still at the forefront of most professionals minds.The problem is that medical people tend to see all difficulties solely from the berth of proposed words for a patient, without recognising that th e individual has to weigh up whether this treatment fits into the overall economy of their life. In the past especially, doctors have been too willing to suggest medical treatment and hospitalisation, even when this would not necessarily improve the quality of life for the person concerned. Indeed, questions about the quality of life have sometimes been envisioned as something of an intrusion upon the purely medical equation. (Brisenden, 1986176).The medical model leads to the treatment people with disabilities as passive objects of medical attention. This view is oppressive of people with disabilities and spreads to other social relationships, it sees disability as pathological i.e. rooted in a persons biology, and thus unchanging. Contained within this model is the perception of people with disabilities as problematic. As an adjunct to this model, disability has been theorized as a personal tragedy, which means that individuals with a disability are seen as victims.Treating child ren with disabilities as victims arguably leads to their becoming almost invisible in service provision. Goble (1999 cited in Case 2001)) maintains that the needs of disabled children and their families are often not intercommunicate because issues that are important to service users, rather than service providers, are not really considered and are under researched. Hornby (1994 cited in Case 2001) has argued that professionals often conk out to provide parents with all the information that they should have when it comes to the needs of their child. If children with disabilities are to defecate the correct treatment and have access to appropriate services then the parents should be fully informed.Clearly disabled childrens access to services is hampered by social perceptions and by the perceptions that professionals have. This has resulted not only in problems accessing services, but when services are accessed they are not always appropriate to a particular service users needs. R esearch tends to focus on perceptions of disability and the disadvantage that it brings but as yet there is bantam evidence of what disabled children and their families actually want from service providers.Conclusion and viable Policy ImplicationsThe prevalence of the medical model of health and the ways in which families are kept under-informed regarding the disability of a family member, particularly a child, affects family relationships. It also affects the attitude that professionals may take to disabled children and their families. Gregory (1991) maintains that when a person is diagnosed as disabled this affects the ways in which society and the family respond to and deal with that person. Families themselves can tend to see the disabled family member as sick and different. Gregory (1991) found that having a disabled family member also affected the way in which mothers viewed themselves because ideological images of motherhood focus on having an able child. Thus a woman may f eel that she is somehow not a mother because of the ways in which society defines motherhood. While doctors may diagnose a physical or learning disability families are often left to cope without either sufficient information or professional help. In a number of cases families have reported that hospitals have refused to admit non-emergency cases unless a parent or carer remains on point to provide additional support (http//www.cafamily.org.uk/rda-uk.html). A shortage of nursing module and the increasing tendency to perform surgery on a day care basis means that many families are left with unembellished caring responsibilities once they take the disabled child or braggart(a) home. (http//www.cafamily.org.uk/rda-uk.html).In conclusion it would appear from the literature that service provision is intermittent and often not appropriate to the individual needs of disabled children and their families. It might be recommended that more research is needed into what users actually want from service providers and that perhaps as one study suggested users fare much go bad if they are assigned a single key prole who will liase with all service providers.BibliographyBowler, D and Lister Brook S. 1997 From general impairment to behavioural phenotypes psychological approaches to learning difficulties in Fawcus, M ed Children with larn Difficulties A Collaborative Approach to their Education and Management London, WhurrBryman, A 2004 complaisant Research Methods Oxford, Oxford University PressBush, C. 2005 Inclusive services for disabled children Practice Vol 17 (2) pp 127-130 RoutledgeCase, S. 2001 Learning to partner, disabling conflictDisability and rules of order Vol 16 (6) pp 837-854Coffey, A and Atkinson, P (1996) Making sense of qualitative data, Sage, LondonDalley, G. 1988 Ideologies of caring Rethinking Community and Collectivism London, MacmillanDowling, M and Dolan L. 2001 Families with children with disabilities Inequalities and the social model Disabil ity and friendship Vol 16 (1) Jan 1st 2001 pp. 21-35Fazil, Q. 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Cheltenhamhttp//216.239.59.104/search?q=cache7JMuRPBUQgMJwww.audit-commission.gov.uk/Products/NATIONAL-REPORT/EE944EBA-B414-4d76-903E-A4CA0E304989/Disabled-report.pdf+access+to+services+for+disabled+childrenhl=enct=clnkcd=6gl=uklr=lang_ enclient=firefox-awww.doh.gov.uk/researchwww.socresonline.org.ukwww.jrf.org.ukwww.leeds.ac.uk/disability-studies/archiveuk/archframe1Footnotes1 Molyneux is a social worker who was part of the inter-professional team on which the study was based.