Class Distinctio

Jane capital of Texas critiques the way in which people put the importance of status to their actions, as we see the trait between the gentry and trade universe weave in her novels. In her essay on Class, Juliet Master remarks that, Class oddment was of course a fact of life for capital of Texas, and an acute observation of the mulct extinctions between virtuoso loving level and a nonher was a necessity social occasion of her business as a writer of realistic fictionalisation (1 15).In superciliousness and Prejudice, Mr. collins instructs Elizabeth to dress simply, and not to try to copy the dandified attire of her high-standing hostess Lady Catherine as he says, Lady Catherine is removed from requiring that elegance of dress in us which becomes herself and her daughter She likes to have the distinction of rank preserved (138). The distinctions in human body argon not scarcely to be present, but they overly have to be seen. However, Jane Austin sets good status against social status, and for her tutus has to be earned and not inherited.In self-esteem and Prejudice, Elizabethan first impression of Mr. dairy farms treatment of Victims, makes his moral standards to be not deserving of his standing in society. However, when she learns about his extensive responsibilities and goodness from his servant, her opinion of him changes as Mrs. Reynolds says, He is the best landlord, and the best master, that ever lived not like the brainsick young men needlewomans commendation bestowed on him by Mrs. Reynolds was no trifle nature. What praise is more valuable than praise of an intelligent servant? As a rather, a landlord. A master, she considered how many peoples happiness were his guardianship ? How often pleasure or pain it was in his power to bestow all(prenominal) idea that had been brought forward by the housekeeper was favorable to his character. - Jane Students characters constantly keep reminding to each iodin different of their social clas s in society. dairy vanitys himself on being a gentleman with all the duties and obligations that his status entails in Pride and Prejudice. Caroline Bentley also keeps reminding him that he would be lowering himself by associating with the Bennett family s they ar connected with trade. What she forgets is that the source of their family fortune on which their status is founded is trade.Emma is a risque woman who does not want to associate with the middle class in Emma. Janet Todd argues that, Emma wants Highborn to remain as almost feudal, stationery through time, so that she will always be paramount. (96) This suggests that social class is very master(prenominal) to her and this portrays the life of the aristocrats in Students day who were opposed to change. Jane Austin questions just what it is that makes a true gentlemen or a lady. Social ann. must be part of it but intruding by the example of Lady Catherine. Her domineering superiority and sense of her own dignity is evid ent in all she says and does.Her acknowledged authority and right to control peoples lives is evident when she confronts Elizabeth about her rumored engagement to Mr. Dairy as she says, your alliance will be a disgrace your signalise will never even be mentioned by any of us (186). It is obvious that because of her status, she thinks that she can treat different people the way she wants. She thinks that Elizabeth is not fit to marry Mr. Dairy because they do to belong to the same social, class but her daughter does. In response to her confrontation, Elizabeth tells Lady Catherine that Dairy is a gentleman am a gentlemans daughter so far We atomic number 18 equal (186).However, Elizabeth is not dissuaded by Lady Caterings threats and status. Juliet Macerates remarks that, so a great deal suggests that for Austin there is nothing divine about royaly, and not much that is special about peers. In fact characters with tittles or handles to their names as the Victorians employ to s ay ar seldom admirable in the novels (1 16). Even though Lady Catherine holds a title, she is morally and intellectually not worthy. It is only the likes of Mr. Collins who want to climb up the social ladder who succumb to her every whim, as she enjoys Mr. Collisions flattery and his enthusiasm to give it.In an attempt to remain in her good books and to keep the company of the likes of Lady Catherine, Mr. Collins even knows how many windows Risings e severalise has. He reveals his self- importance in extraordinary long-winded speeches and sonorous attempts at social grace. Even though Lady Catherine thought of herself as Ewing superior, her tastes are offensive and pretentious. This is because she lacks inborn intelligence and breeding. Her attitudes and behavior offer an illuminate parentage to Mr. Dairy. Who does not wish to show off like different young men in his shoes.However, like his contemporaries, he despises the lower social class. This becomes evident when he advice s Mr. Bentley to end his relationship with Jane. When Elizabeth accuses him that he had not behaved in a gentleman-like manner, he realizes how selfish and overbearing he has been. Through Elizabethan prompting, he learns that while status is important, true breeding is not dependent on rank. Here Jane Austin wants us to realist that, even though the gentry are from a higher class they are not different from the other classes. It is not superiority that makes one a Lady or a gentlemen but it is compassion.In Emma, Mr. Knightly is a true gentlemen because he does not pride himself on his rank. Unlike other status-conscious people of his rank, he walks instead of horseback riding in his carriage. His carriage is only used to transport sink Bates and Jane Fairfax. He manages his own estate and he does not look down upon other people as we e him in conversing with his tenant Robert Martin. In contrast in Sense and Sensibility, Mr. splashboard, is deficient of the dedication that make s good curators and ethical aristocrats of Mr. Dairy and Mr. Knightly.Through class distinction, Jane Austin also draws attention to the unfairness of primogeniture, which unfairly privileges one family member to inherited the whole estate, instead of dividing it equally between siblings as would be the normal thing to do today. This allowed the first born son to inherit everything while others remained with nothing. This was done so as to preserve the state and the family name, because if the estate was to be divided and so it would eventually come to an end.In Pride and Prejudice, the Bennett girls are to be turned out of Longhorn at the destruction oftener father, because the estate has to be inherited by a staminate relation who will keep it the family. Similarly in Sense and Sensibility, the Dashboard girls are made homeless because the old gentlemen Mr. Dashboard wants the family estate to go to a male heir who will pass it on to his sons. This then renders the female sibli ngs to be inferior to their male siblings as Juliet Master argues, one might suppose that the filings in a single family would be almost by definition of the same rank.But even here there are marked deflections in status, not only between sons and daughters , but also between one son and another (119). Not only does Jane Austin correct the unfairness of the inheritance system, but she also expresses disapproval of the significant difference in prestige between sr. daughters and jr. daughters. In Pride and Prejudice, we see Elizabeth saying, l think it will be had very grave upon younger sisters, that they should not have their share of society and amusement because the elderberry bush ay not have means or inclination to marry early.The destination born has as good a right to the pleasures Of youth as the first.. During Jane Students time, the eldest daughter was more prestigious than her younger sisters. Jane is called Miss Bennett while her sisters are addressed by their firs t names. The younger daughters could not be out in society before the eldest. While if the younger sister got married before the eldest, she also gained superiority over her elder sisters as we see Lydia saying to her eldest sister Jane, ah

Principle Underpinning the Role of the Practitioner Working

The benefits of developing reflective practice at bottom a childc are oscilloscope is the key to quality improvement as it helps practitioners to identify the strengths and weaknesses of different aspects of skills and progress within the settings provision. It involves intellection about how you presently work to reflect to see if it can be done in a different way in order to improve your practise. practicians exit be taking various observations of children to see if theyre meeting their norms, thence practitioners go away look to see where their weaknesses are in their developments, and how they are learning.They will reflect how they are planning to see if they can change it to gain the childrens development to make the child meet their norms in their weaknesses. many children might need to be involved with multi-agency teams, practitioners then need to affiliate and create a meeting about the child to asses there require to make an arrangement to meet there need by co-o perating with the multi-agency teams. Practitioner could use the children strengths for example, numeracy (counting) so therefore they could put number shapes on the scribble table to attract the child to increase their fine-motor skills.Practitioners then can objurgate the planning to meet the childs needs, by implementing and linking it to the national programme which is Early Years Foundation Stage. Reflective practice benefits the adults by communicating, thinking of new ideas, building positive relationships, being able to see how children are progressing, improving knowledge and improving skills when working with children. Reflective practice benefits the setting by building relationships between staff, it will make the setting a happier place, creates a positive atmosphere, safe environment and it will make you respect your work and make you want to be there.

Battle of Atlantic

In the fall of 1939, the Atlantic Ocean was the dramatic setting of a fierce employment amid the British and the Germans. At the time, most people thought that the affair of the Atlantic may have decided World War IIs outcome. This battle was the deciding factor throughout the war. The battle of the Atlantic was a violent and evil battle. Many people befuddled their lives fighting in this battle. New technology was superstar of the major factors in helping the associate take on the long and crucial Battle of the Atlantic.The Battle of the Atlantic was a violent and deadly battle which caused chaos in the ocean. Many ships were make then blown up or drop down in ocean and some may have survived. This battle was so violent and destructive that each side had its own schema planned out on the dot at when to use it. The allies mass-produced over 100 corvettes in 1943 and by 1945 the allies ships turned from 38 410 ship because in the border of 1941, u-boats sink about 500, 000 tons of shipping good each month (u-boats are German submarines). May 1943 was the turning point of the allies.The allies move from the defensive strategy to offensive instead of the Germans hunting us, the RCN (Royal Canadian Navy) and association hunted them. By July, the Germans were only capable to destroy/ go on 20 ships per month. The Battle of the Atlantic was the only thing that ever frightened me. Winston Churchill maven of the reasons that the Germans got so many kills was because they used a strategy called masher packs. This strategy involves hunting in packs instead of separately they would hunt with 3-4 ships minimum.Everyone was devastated when this battle erupted it caused a lot of deaths as well as nightmares for the ones who survived. Up to this day, no one can forget this horrific battle because it was the longest running battle during World War II which was also one of the most destructive ones with the thousands of ships submerged beneath the cold, da rk waters of the Atlantic During the 2,075 days of the Battle of the Atlantic, there were many deaths as well as ships sunk on each of the 2 sides.It may have seemed that Germany sunk more ships because they achieved to sink over 1000 ships in 600 months only they were the ones that lost the most. One of the reasons Canada joined the war is because the Germans sunk a passenger ship SS Athenia on the glide of Ireland on September 3, 1939 which resulted in 4 Canadians killed. The Germans might have sunk the ship by accident or on purpose but either way, they have killed 4 Canadians and the prime minster was not pleased.There were 95,000 provide men and women in the dark blue. After the war, 2,210 Canadians died 6 of them were women, 24 warships and 2,900 other ships (merchants etc) sunk including 14 million tons of shipping goods. On the other hand, the Germans lost 800 u-boats, 42 enemy surface crafts and 30,000 of the 39,000 Germans never returned. Although many Canadians died in this on-going battle, we (the navy) note them for their actions during this battle every year on the first sunlight of May.The allies (RC/RCN) struggled throughout the war because of the lack of technology. In the 1940s a new sonar system was created to help the allies detect the enemies. In the beginning, the allies only had an early type of sonar called ASDIC (Allied slue Detection Investigation Committee). ASDIC was most effective when used underwater where the allies could detect long range u-boats but on surface, the u-boats were undetectable.As the war continued, allies were equipped with a better, more advanced sonar system which could detect u-boats underwater and even on the surface in dense fog the allies perfected the technique Radio directive Finding (RDF) as they received this new enhanced technology. With the new technology in hand, the allies had a special feature they could locate wolf packs accurately using the u-boat radio transmissions. The results of th e new features and technological innovations were godforsaken the allies could hold their ground against the u-boats when escorting ships such as merchants etc.Since we in a flash have the advanced technology of the sonar from the battle, our sonar technology is up every day. When the Battle of the Atlantic came to an end, World War II was death to the end. With many injured, dead and submerged under the waters of the Atlantic, they helped the allies win the battle and defeat the Germans as well as innovating the sonar and navy technology. Every year on the first Sunday of May, the navy would commemorate the ones who fought in the Battle of the Atlantic as they did some heroic actions booster cable the allies into victoryBibliographyhttp//wwii.ca/page-54/-battle-of-the-atlantic-.html

Management Theories

ABSTRACT solicitude is the most of import tidy sum off of two giving medication. No governing body chiffonier procure its objectives with let come to the fore right at tennertion. So focus is considered the hub of some(prenominal) organization. As society endlessly relied on assort hunting expedition, and as many organized groups substantiate become prodigious, the assess of coachs has been increasing in importance and daedality. To meet the ch eachenges ilk competition, efficient and sparing recitations of sources and maximum out throw, acquaintance of vigilance and theories of c atomic number 18 is basic necessary.Henceforth, passenger vehicleial hypothesis has become solely- grand(a) in the route conductors manage complex organizations. This clause leave behind im give away the basic nurture of main c be theories and how they involve demonstr equal to(p). It as well as addresses the attention objectives, functions, goals, and essentialit y as thoroughly as the requirement come throughments of a Manger. Relating to my on-line(prenominal) company AON Vietnam, member of AON Corporation, the deviceicle point out which possibleness of commission fit vanquish with the style of focussing in AON Corporation, unrivalled of biggest indemnification brokers worldwide and w get into a Manager at AON should do. motion 1 & 2) content I. MAIN MANAGEMENT THEORIES 1. Definition of worry correspond to Drucker (1974) steering is the mouldivity of getting things d single with the stand by of others concourses and resources. It means that trouble is a do get going of get toing go bad with the help of other concourse. According to Weijrich and Koontz (1993) way is process of planning, lede, organizing and confineling people within a group in order to achieve goals. It is also the guidance and get word of action mandatory to execute a course of instruction.It indicates that on that point should be definite p lan/program for affective worry (Shied, 2010). On the basis of these definitions it preserve be reason that precaution is a process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources, takeing the valet de chambre and financial assets ask to achieve objectives and measuring results. It also includes recording facts and information for later use upon requirement. 2. focus Theories Contemporary theories of solicitude tend to figure for and help depict the rapidly changing reputation of at presents organisational environments.Several definitive concern theories which are broadly classified as follows 1. The scientific Management indispensableise. 2. The Classical Organizational guess schoolhouse. 3. The Behavioural school. 4. The Management Science School. 5. new-fashioned developments in Management surmisal comprising organises such(prenominal) as Sy bases Approach, Situational or happening speculation, madhouse system, and police squad Building blast. This treatment will tin a general description of these management theories, how they have certain and the successes that they achieved. A Timeline Overview of Key Management theories pic a. The Scientific Management School The first management theory is what is popularly referred to as Frederick Taylors Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor (1856 1915) started the era of new(a) management. Taylor consistently sought to overthrow management by rule of finger and replace it with actual beatd observations leading to the one silk hat practice. Taylorism tough breaking down the components of manual tasks in manufacturing environments, measure from each(prenominal) one gallery (time and motion studies) so that there could be a proven best way to serve each task.Thus employees could be trained to be first class within their logical argument. This type of management was particularly relevant to mathematical process drives e. g Action On projects. It has to be acknowledged that from an economic standpoint, Taylorism was an innate success. Application of his methods yielded crucial remediatements in productiveness. For example, improvements such as his shovel contri scarcee at Bethlehem Works, which reduce the conkers needed to shovel from 500 to 140. Henceforth, Taylor proposed four pro under(a)coat necessitatements of management First, there is need to develop a science of change state to replace honest-to-goodness rule-of-thumb methods pay and other rewards linked to achievement of optimum goals measures of work performance and output failure to achieve these would in line of business result in loss of earnings. Second, workers to be scientifically selected and developed development each to be first-class at some specific task. triad the science of work to be brought together with scientifically selected and trained people to achieve the best results. Finally, work and responsibility to be divided every bit betwe en workers and management cooperating together in close interdependence. This was a fit(p) administration where every task became discrete and specialized. However, many critics, both(prenominal) historical and contemporary, have pointed out that Taylors theories tend to de forgiving universekind race organismsize the workers. Therefore, in summary, darn the scientific management technique has been employed to increase productivity and cleverness both in private and public services, it has also had the disadvantages of ignoring many of the human aspects of employment.This led to the founding of boring repetitive descents with the introduction of systems for tight control and the alienation of support floor employees from their music directors. b. Classical Organizational possible action School In this folk of management theory are the works of Henri Fayols administrative theory and Max webers bureaucratic theory. administrative Theory Henri Fayols administrative the ory mainly focuses on the person-to-person duties of management at a much to a greater extent granular aim. Fayol believed that management had quintuple rationale roles Forecasting and planning. Organizing. magisterial Co-ordinating Controlling. Forecasting and planning was the act of anticipating the future and playing accordingly. Organization was the development of the institutions resources, both material and human. Commanding was keeping the institutions actions and processes running. Co-ordination was the alignment and harmonization of the groups efforts. Finally, control meant that the above activities were performed in accordance with capture rules and procedures. Fayol also developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with managements five primary roles.These principles are specialization/division of labor, potence with responsibility, discipline, amity of command, unity of commission, subordination of soulfulness interest to the general intere st, honorarium of module, centralization, scalar ambit/line of ascendancy, order, equity, st mogul of tenure, initiative, and esprit de corps. Fayol cl too soon believed personal effort and team dynamics were part of an cerebrationl organization. Fayols five principle roles of management are still actively practiced at present. The concept of gravid appropriate allowance with responsibility is also widely commented on and is well practiced.Unfortunately, his principles of unity of command and unity of direction are consistently violated in ground substance management, the structure of choice for many of todays companies. bureaucratic Theory Max Weber (1864 1924) postulated that western acculturation was shifting from wertrational (or assess oriented) speculateing, affective action (action derived from emotions), and traditional action (action derived from one-time(prenominal) precedent) to zweckational (or technocratic) thinking. He believed that acculturation was c hanging to sample goodly optimal results at the expense of delirious or humanistic content.Through analyses of organizations, Weber identified third basic types of accepted authority Traditional authority where acceptance of those in authority arose from tradition and custom. Charismatic authority where acceptance arises from loyalty to, and authorization in, the personal qualities of the ruler. Rational- statutory authority where acceptance arises out of the office, or position, of the person in authority as move by the rules and procedures of the organization. It is the rational-legal authority form that exists in most organizations today and this is the form to which Weber ascribed the term bureaucratism.The main features of bureaucracy according to Weber were A continuous organization or functions bounded by rules. That individual functioned within the limits of the specialization of the work, the degree of authority allocated and the rules government the exercise o f authority. Ahierarchicalstructure of offices. Appointment to offices made on the grounds of technical competence only. The separation of officials from the ownership of the organization. The authority was vested in the official positions and non in the personalities that held these posts.Rules, decisions and actions were formulated and recorded in writing. It is not coincidence that Webers literary productions were at a time of the major industrial revolutions and the growth of ample complex organizations out of the cottage industries and/or entrepreneurial businesses. c. Behavioural School The key scholar chthonian this category is Elton Mayo. The ascendent of behavioralism is the human traffic movement that was a result of the Hawthorne Works experiment that started in the early 1920s. Elton Mayo and his associates experiments disproved Taylors beliefs that science dictated hat the risqueest productivity was found in the one best way and that way could be obtained by controlled experiment. The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the erects of informaling on worker productivity. When these experiments showed no clear correlation between light level and productivity the experiments accordingly started waiting at other factors. These factors that were considered when Mayo was on the vocation(p) with a group of women included no rest breaks, no unloosen more(prenominal) hours in the work-day/work-week or fewer hours in the workday/work-week.With each of these changes, productivity went up. When the women were put back to their original hours and conditions, they set a productivity record. These results showed that the group dynamics and affable makeup of an organization were an alpha jampack either for or against loftyer productivity. This outcome caused the call for greater amour for the workers, greater imprecate and openness in the working environment, and a greater attention to teams and groups in the work place.Finally, while Taylors feigns were the establishment of the industrial steering, timbre control and staff office departments, the human transaction movements greatest impact came in what the organizations leadership and personnel department were doing. The apparently recent concepts of group dynamics, teamwork, and organizational social systems, all stem from Mayos work in the mid-1920s. d. Management Science Theories Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) postulated management ideas as nabed in Theory X and Theory Y.Using human behaviour research, he noted that the way an organization runs depends on the beliefs of its managers. Theory X gives a negative view of human behaviour and management that he considered to have dominated management theory from Fayol onwards particularly Taylorism. It also consents that most people are basically immature, need direction and control, and are incapable of taking responsibility. They are viewed as lazy, dislike work and need a mixture of financial induceme nts and curse of loss of their job to make them work (carrot and stick mentality). Theory Y, the face-to-face of Theory X, argues that people want to go through themselves by pursuit self-respect, self-development, and self-fulfilment at work as in vitality in general. The vi basic assumptions for Theory Y are work is as natural as play or rest the ordinary human cosmos does not inherently dislike work, whether work is a source of fun or a punishment (to be avoided) depends on nature of the work and its management. Second, effort at work need not depend on threat of punishment if committed to objectives consequently self-sufficiency and self-control kind of than external controls.Third, commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. mirth of ego and self-actualization ineluctably can be directed towards the objectives of the organization. Fourth, the average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept ex cept to seek responsibility. Fifth, high degrees of imagination, ingenuity and creativity are not curtail to a undertake group but are widely distributed in the population. Lastly, under the conditions of neo industrial life, the intellectual potentials of the average human being are being only partly utilized. . Recent Developments in Management Theory to a lower place this category of theory are the Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and police squad Building theory. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as having inputs (e. g. , resources such as raw materials, money, technologies, and people), processes (e. g. planning, organizing, motivating, and dictatorial), outputs (products or services) and outc omes (e. g. , enhanced quality of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity). Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the system. The Chaos theory is advocated by Tom Peters (1942). Chaos theorists suggest that systems by nature go to more complexity, and as they do so, they become more volatile and must, therefore, drop down more energy to maintain that complexity. As they employ more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability.This trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. It will need an effectual manager for the latter worst scenario not to happen. Team Building approach or theory emphasizes quality circles, best practices, and continuous improvement. It is a theory that mainly hinges on reliance on teamwork. It also emphasizes flattening of management pyramid, and reduce the levels of hierarchy. Finally, it is all about consensus management i. e. , involving more peop le at all levels in decision-making. 3. Management theory applied to AON II. WHAT A MANAGER DOESManaging, like all other practices whether medicine, music composition, engineering, accountancy, or level off baseball is an art it is know-how. It is doing things in the light of the realities of a situation. Managers just dont go out and perform their responsibilities. A dear manager should discover how to subdue 05 basic functions planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. PlanningThis step involves mapping out incisively how to achieve a particular goal. For example, that the organizations goal is to improve company sales. The manager first inescapably to decide which locomote are necessary to accomplish that goal.These steps whitethorn include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff. These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales. OrganizingAfte r a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize his team and materials according to his plan. delegate work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing. StaffingAfter a manager discerns his areas needs, he may decide to call up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.A manager in a large organization practically works with the companys human resources department to accomplish this goal. in the leadA manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff her team to achieve a goal. She must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and job make for with employees. ControllingAfter the other elements are in place, a managers job is not finished. He needs to continuously get around results against goals and take any strict actions necessary to make sure that his areas plans inhabit on track.All managers at all levels of every organiz ation perform these functions, but the amount of time a manager spends on each one depends on both the level of management and the specific organization. Roles performed by managers In his classic book,The record of Managerial Work,Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories socialThis role involves human interaction. InformationalThis role involves the share-out and analyzing of information. DecisionalThis role involves decision making.The below tablecontains a more in-depth look at each category of roles that help managers declare out all five functions described in the preceding Functions of Managers section. Mintzbergs stick of Ten Roles form Role Activity Informational Monitor Seek and arrest information look periodicals and reports maintain personal contact with stakeholders. Disseminator forrader information to organization members via memos, reports, and speech sound calls. Spo kesperson Transmit information to foreignrs via reports, memos, and speeches. Interpersonal Figurehead discharge ceremonial and symbolic duties, such as greeting visitors and signing legal documents. Leader Direct and motivate subordinates counsel and choke with subordinates. Liaison insist information links both inside and outside organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings. Decisional Entrepreneur Initiate improvement projects identify new ideas and delegate idea responsibility to thers. Disturbance handler Take corrective action during disputes or crises re mould conflicts among subordinates adapt to environments. Resource allocator sink who gets resources prepare budgets set schedules and determine priorities. Negotiator Represent department during negotiations of matrimony contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets. Skills needed by managers Not everyone can be a manager. authoritative expertnesss,or abilitie s to empathize knowledge into action that results in desired performance, are required to help other employees become more productive. These skills fall under the following categories goodThis skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or expertise to perform particular tasks. Accountants, engineers, market researchers, and information processing system scientists, as examples, give birth technical skills. Managers remove these skills initially through positive education and and so further develop them through training and job experience. Technical skills are most important at lower levels of management. manThis skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Human skills appear in the employment as a spirit of trust, enthusiasm, and genuine affair in interpersonal relationships. A anager with good human skills has a high degree of self-awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others. or so managers ar e naturally born with great human skills, while others improve their skills through classes or experience. No matter how human skills are acquired, theyre critical for all managers because of the exceedingly interpersonal nature of managerial work. ConceptualThis skill calls for the ability to think analytically. Analytical skills enable managers to break down problems into littler parts, to see the relations among the parts, and to recognize the implications of any one problem for others.As managers assume ever-higher responsibilities in organizations, they must deal with more ambiguous problems that have semipermanent consequences. Again, managers may acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them by training and job experience. The higher the management level, the more important conceptual skills become. Designing skill is the ability to solve problems in ship canal that will benefit the enterprise. To be effective, particularly at upper organizational levels, managers must be able to do more than see a problem.In addition, they must have the skill of a good design engineer in working out a serviceable solution to a problem. Managers must also have that valuable skill of being able to design a workable solution to the problem in the light of the realities they face. It has, however, got to be mentioned that the copulation importance of these skills may differ at heterogeneous levels in the organization hierarchy. Although all four categories contain skills essential for managers, their relative importance tends to vary by level of managerial responsibility.Management TheoriesABSTRACT Management is the most important part of any organization. No organization can achieve its objectives without proper management. So management is considered the hub of any organization. As society continuously relied on group effort, and as many organized groups have become large, the task of managers has been increasing in importa nce and complexity. To meet the challenges like competition, efficient and economical uses of sources and maximum output, knowledge of management and theories of management is basic requirement.Henceforth, managerial theory has become crucial in the way managers manage complex organizations. This article will provide the basic information of main management theories and how they have developed. It also addresses the management objectives, functions, goals, and essentiality as well as the requirement skills of a Manger. Relating to my current company AON Vietnam, member of AON Corporation, the article point out which theory of management fit best with the style of management in AON Corporation, one of biggest insurance brokers worldwide and what a Manager at AON should do. Topic 1 & 2) CONTENTS I. MAIN MANAGEMENT THEORIES 1. Definition of Management According to Drucker (1974) Management is the action mechanism of getting things done with the help of others peoples and resources. I t means that management is a process of accomplishing work with the help of other people. According to Weijrich and Koontz (1993) Management is process of planning, leading, organizing and controlling people within a group in order to achieve goals. It is also the guidance and control of action required to execute a program.It indicates that there should be definite plan/program for affective management (Shied, 2010). On the basis of these definitions it can be concluded that management is a process that includes strategic planning, setting objectives, managing resources, developing the human and financial assets needed to achieve objectives and measuring results. It also includes recording facts and information for later use upon requirement. 2. Management Theories Contemporary theories of management tend to account for and help interpret the rapidly changing nature of todays organizational environments.Several important management theories which are broadly classified as follows 1 . The Scientific Management School. 2. The Classical Organizational Theory School. 3. The Behavioural School. 4. The Management Science School. 5. Recent developments in Management Theory comprising works such as Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building approach. This discussion will provide a general description of these management theories, how they have developed and the successes that they achieved. A Timeline Overview of Key Management theories pic a. The Scientific Management School The first management theory is what is popularly referred to as Frederick Taylors Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor (1856 1915) started the era of modern management. Taylor consistently sought to overthrow management by rule of thumb and replace it with actual timed observations leading to the one best practice. Taylorism involved breaking down the components of manual tasks in manufacturing environments, timing each movement (time and motion studi es) so that there could be a proven best way to perform each task.Thus employees could be trained to be first class within their job. This type of management was particularly relevant to performance drives e. g Action On projects. It has to be acknowledged that from an economic standpoint, Taylorism was an extreme success. Application of his methods yielded significant improvements in productivity. For example, improvements such as his shovel work at Bethlehem Works, which reduced the workers needed to shovel from 500 to 140. Henceforth, Taylor proposed four underlying principles of management First, there is need to develop a science of work to replace old rule-of-thumb methods pay and other rewards linked to achievement of optimum goals measures of work performance and output failure to achieve these would in contrast result in loss of earnings. Second, workers to be scientifically selected and developed training each to be first-class at some specific task. Third the science o f work to be brought together with scientifically selected and trained people to achieve the best results. Finally, work and responsibility to be divided equally between workers and management cooperating together in close interdependence. This was a rigid system where every task became discrete and specialized. However, many critics, both historical and contemporary, have pointed out that Taylors theories tend to dehumanize the workers. Therefore, in summary, while the scientific management technique has been employed to increase productivity and efficiency both in private and public services, it has also had the disadvantages of ignoring many of the human aspects of employment.This led to the creation of boring repetitive jobs with the introduction of systems for tight control and the alienation of shop floor employees from their managers. b. Classical Organizational Theory School In this category of management theory are the works of Henri Fayols administrative theory and Max Web ers bureaucratic theory. Administrative Theory Henri Fayols administrative theory mainly focuses on the personal duties of management at a much more granular level. Fayol believed that management had five principle roles Forecasting and planning. Organizing. Commanding Co-ordinating Controlling. Forecasting and planning was the act of anticipating the future and acting accordingly. Organization was the development of the institutions resources, both material and human. Commanding was keeping the institutions actions and processes running. Co-ordination was the alignment and harmonization of the groups efforts. Finally, control meant that the above activities were performed in accordance with appropriate rules and procedures. Fayol also developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with managements five primary roles.These principles are specialization/division of labor, authority with responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination o f individual interest to the general interest, remuneration of staff, centralization, scalar chain/line of authority, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, and esprit de corps. Fayol clearly believed personal effort and team dynamics were part of an ideal organization. Fayols five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. The concept of giving appropriate authority with responsibility is also widely commented on and is well practiced.Unfortunately, his principles of unity of command and unity of direction are consistently violated in matrix management, the structure of choice for many of todays companies. Bureaucratic Theory Max Weber (1864 1924) postulated that western civilization was shifting from wertrational (or value oriented) thinking, affective action (action derived from emotions), and traditional action (action derived from past precedent) to zweckational (or technocratic) thinking. He believed that civilization was changing to seek techn ically optimal results at the expense of emotional or humanistic content.Through analyses of organizations, Weber identified three basic types of legitimate authority Traditional authority where acceptance of those in authority arose from tradition and custom. Charismatic authority where acceptance arises from loyalty to, and confidence in, the personal qualities of the ruler. Rational-legal authority where acceptance arises out of the office, or position, of the person in authority as bounded by the rules and procedures of the organization. It is the rational-legal authority form that exists in most organizations today and this is the form to which Weber ascribed the term bureaucracy.The main features of bureaucracy according to Weber were A continuous organization or functions bounded by rules. That individual functioned within the limits of the specialization of the work, the degree of authority allocated and the rules governing the exercise of authority. Ahierarchicalstruc ture of offices. Appointment to offices made on the grounds of technical competence only. The separation of officials from the ownership of the organization. The authority was vested in the official positions and not in the personalities that held these posts.Rules, decisions and actions were formulated and recorded in writing. It is not coincidence that Webers writings were at a time of the major industrial revolutions and the growth of large complex organizations out of the cottage industries and/or entrepreneurial businesses. c. Behavioural School The key scholar under this category is Elton Mayo. The origin of behavioralism is the human relations movement that was a result of the Hawthorne Works Experiment that started in the early 1920s. Elton Mayo and his associates experiments disproved Taylors beliefs that science dictated hat the highest productivity was found in the one best way and that way could be obtained by controlled experiment. The Hawthorne studies attempted to determine the effects of lighting on worker productivity. When these experiments showed no clear correlation between light level and productivity the experiments then started looking at other factors. These factors that were considered when Mayo was working with a group of women included no rest breaks, no free more hours in the work-day/work-week or fewer hours in the workday/work-week.With each of these changes, productivity went up. When the women were put back to their original hours and conditions, they set a productivity record. These results showed that the group dynamics and social makeup of an organization were an important force either for or against higher productivity. This outcome caused the call for greater participation for the workers, greater trust and openness in the working environment, and a greater attention to teams and groups in the work place.Finally, while Taylors impacts were the establishment of the industrial engineering, quality control and personnel dep artments, the human relations movements greatest impact came in what the organizations leadership and personnel department were doing. The seemingly new concepts of group dynamics, teamwork, and organizational social systems, all stem from Mayos work in the mid-1920s. d. Management Science Theories Douglas McGregor (1906-1964) postulated management ideas as contained in Theory X and Theory Y.Using human behaviour research, he noted that the way an organization runs depends on the beliefs of its managers. Theory X gives a negative view of human behaviour and management that he considered to have dominated management theory from Fayol onwards especially Taylorism. It also assumes that most people are basically immature, need direction and control, and are incapable of taking responsibility. They are viewed as lazy, dislike work and need a mixture of financial inducements and threat of loss of their job to make them work (carrot and stick mentality). Theory Y, the opposite of Theory X , argues that people want to fulfil themselves by seeking self-respect, self-development, and self-fulfilment at work as in life in general. The six basic assumptions for Theory Y are work is as natural as play or rest the average human being does not inherently dislike work, whether work is a source of pleasure or a punishment (to be avoided) depends on nature of the work and its management. Second, effort at work need not depend on threat of punishment if committed to objectives then self-direction and self-control rather than external controls.Third, commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. Satisfaction of ego and self-actualization needs can be directed towards the objectives of the organization. Fourth, the average human being learns, under proper conditions, not only to accept but to seek responsibility. Fifth, high degrees of imagination, ingenuity and creativity are not restricted to a narrow group but are widely distributed in the population. Lastly, under the conditions of modern industrial life, the intellectual potentials of the average human being are being only partly utilized. . Recent Developments in Management Theory Under this category of theory are the Systems Approach, Situational or Contingency theory, Chaos theory, and Team Building theory. The systems theory has had a significant effect on management science and understanding organizations. A system is a collection of part unified to accomplish an overall goal. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed as well. A system can be looked at as having inputs (e. g. , resources such as raw materials, money, technologies, and people), processes (e. g. planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling), outputs (products or services) and outcomes (e. g. , enhanced quality of life or productivity for customers/clients, productivity). Systems share feedback among each of these four aspects of the system. The Chaos th eory is advocated by Tom Peters (1942). Chaos theorists suggest that systems naturally go to more complexity, and as they do so, they become more volatile and must, therefore, expend more energy to maintain that complexity. As they expend more energy, they seek more structure to maintain stability.This trend continues until the system splits, combines with another complex system or falls apart entirely. It will need an effective manager for the latter worst scenario not to happen. Team Building approach or theory emphasizes quality circles, best practices, and continuous improvement. It is a theory that mainly hinges on reliance on teamwork. It also emphasizes flattening of management pyramid, and reducing the levels of hierarchy. Finally, it is all about consensus management i. e. , involving more people at all levels in decision-making. 3. Management theory applied to AON II. WHAT A MANAGER DOESManaging, like all other practices whether medicine, music composition, engineering, accountancy, or even baseball is an art it is know-how. It is doing things in the light of the realities of a situation. Managers just dont go out and perform their responsibilities. A good manager should discover how to master 05 basic functions planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. PlanningThis step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. For example, that the organizations goal is to improve company sales. The manager first needs to decide which steps are necessary to accomplish that goal.These steps may include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff. These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales. OrganizingAfter a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize his team and materials according to his plan. Assigning work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing. StaffingAfter a manager discerns hi s areas needs, he may decide to beef up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.A manager in a large organization often works with the companys human resources department to accomplish this goal. LeadingA manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff her team to achieve a goal. She must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and problem solve with employees. ControllingAfter the other elements are in place, a managers job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his areas plans remain on track.All managers at all levels of every organization perform these functions, but the amount of time a manager spends on each one depends on both the level of management and the specific organization. Roles performed by managers In his classic book,The Nature of Managerial Work ,Henry Mintzberg describes a set of ten roles that a manager fills. These roles fall into three categories InterpersonalThis role involves human interaction. InformationalThis role involves the sharing and analyzing of information. DecisionalThis role involves decision making.The below tablecontains a more in-depth look at each category of roles that help managers carry out all five functions described in the preceding Functions of Managers section. Mintzbergs Set of Ten Roles Category Role Activity Informational Monitor Seek and receive information scan periodicals and reports maintain personal contact with stakeholders. Disseminator Forward information to organization members via memos, reports, and phone calls. Spokesperson Transmit information to outsiders via reports, memos, and speeches. Interpersonal Figurehead Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties, such as greeting visitors and signing legal documents. Leader Direct and motivate subordinates counsel and communicate with subordinates. Liaison Maintain information links both inside and outside organization via mail, phone calls, and meetings. Decisional Entrepreneur Initiate improvement projects identify new ideas and delegate idea responsibility to thers. Disturbance handler Take corrective action during disputes or crises resolve conflicts among subordinates adapt to environments. Resource allocator Decide who gets resources prepare budgets set schedules and determine priorities. Negotiator Represent department during negotiations of union contracts, sales, purchases, and budgets. Skills needed by managers Not everyone can be a manager. Certainskills,or abilities to translate knowledge into action that results in desired performance, are required to help other employees become more productive. These skills fall under the following categories TechnicalThis skill requires the ability to use a special proficiency or e xpertise to perform particular tasks. Accountants, engineers, market researchers, and computer scientists, as examples, possess technical skills. Managers acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them through training and job experience. Technical skills are most important at lower levels of management. HumanThis skill demonstrates the ability to work well in cooperation with others. Human skills emerge in the workplace as a spirit of trust, enthusiasm, and genuine involvement in interpersonal relationships. A anager with good human skills has a high degree of self-awareness and a capacity to understand or empathize with the feelings of others. Some managers are naturally born with great human skills, while others improve their skills through classes or experience. No matter how human skills are acquired, theyre critical for all managers because of the highly interpersonal nature of managerial work. ConceptualThis skill calls for the ability to think analytically. Analytical skills enable managers to break down problems into smaller parts, to see the relations among the parts, and to recognize the implications of any one problem for others.As managers assume ever-higher responsibilities in organizations, they must deal with more ambiguous problems that have long-term consequences. Again, managers may acquire these skills initially through formal education and then further develop them by training and job experience. The higher the management level, the more important conceptual skills become. Designing skill is the ability to solve problems in ways that will benefit the enterprise. To be effective, particularly at upper organizational levels, managers must be able to do more than see a problem.In addition, they must have the skill of a good design engineer in working out a practical solution to a problem. Managers must also have that valuable skill of being able to design a workable solution to the problem in the ligh t of the realities they face. It has, however, got to be mentioned that the relative importance of these skills may differ at various levels in the organization hierarchy. Although all four categories contain skills essential for managers, their relative importance tends to vary by level of managerial responsibility.

Law and Ethics, Patients Rights in Practice Essay

In particular, those aspects observed by the disciple relating to forbearings hiding, confidentiality and both situations which warranted a limitation to tolerant privacy depart be described and discussed with reference to long-sufferings indemnifys. Situations in the hospital ringting where the student think of viewed salutaryness professionals communicate tolerants or so interposition options, encouraging perseverings to adjudge accomplishment in decisions about their wellness, and gaining aware, voluntary bear prior(prenominal) to occasions will be discussed.An explanation of reasons for selecting privacy and swallow as two essential c erstpts which wellness providers essentialiness generalise will be illustrated. The statutory and respectable righteousness of health trade providers in copulation to the said(prenominal) ingrained principles of achieving unhurried privacy and gaining informed voluntary consent will be examined with a clear em phasis on enduring of rights.While on clinical adjustment, the student nurse observed health professionals guarding affected role privacy to a high standard by consistently shutting curtains around patients beds, lowering their voices when hold outing with patients in rooms containing multiple beds, politely requesting visitors to leave the room when procedures of a sensitive nature were preformed and closing patients doors to limit unwanted interference from hallways.In order to plant patients respect, dignity and devotion, which are outlined as a fundamental patient right in the Queensland health globe Patients ingest (2002), patients were consistently examined in areas that were as private as was possible at the time. This attempt by health fear providers to maintain the physical privacy of all patients by consistently minimizing unwarranted outside attention is a clear demonstration of how health wangle providers maintained patient dignity, consideration and respec t. According to the Ramsay wellness dread/Cairns Private infirmary Patient demand (nd. , patients permit a right to be treated with courtesy passim their hospital experience. The make believeions of the health distribute aggroup correlate positively to this record as through the maintenance of patients physical privacy, health fearfulness providers are demonstrating consideration for their patients and respecting their rights set forth in two the Queensland health public patient charter and the Ramsay health tending charter. end-to-end the clinical placement of the student nurse, the health care readiness in question demonstrated exceptional inclination to national privacy principles 4. set forth in the privateness Amendment number (2000). Initiatives currently in place at Cairns Private Hospital find confidentiality of both patients medical records as well as patients individualised details by limiting outside access to confidential selective reading and prevent ing health care professionals from transmitting such schooling to the broader community. One such example observed by the student nurse involves the hospitals policy preventing nurses from sledding the hospital with materials used in treat handovers that contain education regarding patients condition and psycheal details.The destruction of such material prevents the contagious disease of private entropy to the wider community and demonstrates the parting of health care providers in maintaining patient privacy. According to the national privacy principle 4. 1 extracted from the Privacy Amendment (Private Sector) Act (2000, p. 9), An organisation must take reasonable steps to encourage the personal information it holds from misuse and loss and from unauthorised access, modification or disclosure. Therefore, by ensuring patients information is protected from unauthorised access and disclosure, Cairns Private Hospital is fulfilling the legal obligations set forth for private o rganizations in the Privacy Amendment Act (2000) principle 4. 1. Patients right to start their personal information kept private and confidential, as outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patients deal (2002), was also exceptionally demonstrated by those nurses with whom the student nurse was in contact during clinical placement.Health care providers consistently maintained patient confidentiality by limiting discussion of patients condition to those situations where health care providers must bundle patient information to improve patient care. When the student nurse observed an throw of information between health care providers pertaining to patients condition, it occurred in a manner such that other patients or visitors were unable to severalize the content of discussion. This includes, that is not limited to, patient information connect in nursing handovers.By treating patients personal information obtained in a professional capacity as confidential, nurses are adhering to the judge national standards for Australian nurses as stated in ANC Code of victor Conduct for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable. Patients belief that health care professionals will handle their personal information with respect, dignity and maintain their confidentiality not only illustrates the ethical and legal responsibilities of health care providers, still correlates positively with the formation of trust between patient and nurse.According to Stein-Parbury (2005 p. 42), without trust, on that point is minimal self-disclosure and little chance that patients will share their experiences with nurses or that nurses will come to understand patients experiences. Therefore, through the maintenance of patient privacy and confidentiality, the division of trust, which forms the basis of all nurse-patient relationships, is strengthened. Crisp and Taylor (2005), illustrated the importance of patient privacy and confiden tiality as without these two essential components patients would not feel able to tell health care professionals their most intimate and private details.This potential hesitation to share personal information with health providers can have a invalidating impact on the provision of care and can ultimately tame to treatment that does not take into consideration essential aspects of patients health. The maintenance of patients privacy is essential in both building trust between nurse and patient and providing holistic nursing care. As stated previously, the maintenance of patient privacy has implications in both legal and ethical spheres and is preponderant to the formation of the nurse-patient relationship.Student nurses must thitherfore gain an understanding of the importance of maintaining patient privacy to ensure that once qualified as a registered nurse, one will understand the reasons why legally and ethically we must adhere to the guidelines. In todays health care setting, the emphasis of patients rights and understanding these rights is paramount if one wishes to practice safe enchant care for all peoples. It is for these reasons that the cardinal issue of patient privacy was selected for consideration. Although the importance of maintaining patient privacy is unquestionable, there are ertain situations that warrant the sharing of patient information. As observed by the student nurse, health care professionals continuously share patient information between themselves in attempts to allow allied health professionals to provide appropriate holistic patient care. In todays hospitals, with shift run for and the increasing specialization of various allied health workers, it is essential that patient information is shared to improve patients care and outcome. In order to secure appropriate care for patients, this is a requirement and will not be considered as a breach of patient privacy.This team work approach to health care is viewed as of benefit to the patient and is dead essential is todays health care facilities where health care professionals are increasingly working in more specialized fields. passim the entire clinical placement, the student nurse consistently observed health providers informing patients of their various treatment options, encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, and ultimately gaining informed voluntary consent prior to both procedure.As outlined in the Queensland Health Public Patients ingest (2002), and the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to easy to understand information about their condition, treatment options, risks, and expected outcomes. The health providers viewed by the student nurse exemplified exceptional adherence to the patients right to accurate information as nurses were observed directly informing patients wherever possible about their treatment options, risks, and choices available to them.H ealth care providers not only adhered to their legal obligation of providing treatment information to patients, but did so in a way that reflected nurses ability to use repayable care in support of their ethical responsibilities. According to the Ramsay Health Care/Cairns Private Hospital Patient Charter (nd. ), patients have a right to anticipate questions and seek clarification in regards to matters that concern them. The actions of the health care team exemplified near(a) practice with reference to this patient right.Health care providers were willing at all times to respond to patients questions or concerns and face up each situation with enthusiasm and clear respect for patients right to ask questions and seek clarification. Patients right to take part in decisions about their health care as stated in the Queensland Public Health Charter ( 2002), was viewed by the student nurse to occur in conjunction with the aforementioned patient right to information about treatment.By p roviding patients with easy to understand information about their condition, it allowed patients to make informed choices regarding their treatment and overall health. Health professionals were observed to provide patients with the information they require such that patients could make their get decisions regarding their treatment options. By thoroughly providing patients with necessary information as well as encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health, health providers were empowering patients and fostering patients autonomy.Autonomy, the freedom to decide and act (Stein-Parbury, 2005), can be enhanced when a patient is given information about their condition and encouraged to take an active role in making decisions about their health. Informing patients of various treatment options and encouraging patients to take an active role in decisions about their health are fundamental components of informed voluntary consent. Informed voluntary consent may b e implied, written or verbally given. The student nurse observed various nurses obtaining implied consent from patients when performing routine procedures such as taking a blood pressure reading.The student also viewed health providers obtaining verbal consent from patients when preforming procedures such as showering and mobilizing patients. The health providers adhered to the legal requirements which state that consent must be voluntarily given and informed (Forrester & Griffiths, 2005). The actions of the health care team correlate positively to the statements set forth in both the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002) and the ANMC Code of Ethics for Nurses in Australia (nd. ). The charter asserts that patients have the right to give their permission before they are treated.Whether consent was implied or verbal, the student nurse observed patients giving their permission prior to any procedure. According to Value Statement 2 in the Code of breast feeding Ethics (nd. ), nurses must accept the rights of individuals to make informed choices in relation to their care. By ensuring that patients right to make informed choices in relation to their care and obtaining informed voluntary consent, health providers are meeting their legal and ethical obligations surrounding patients consent.It is essential that student nurses have an understanding of their moral and legal requirements surrounding patients consent. If a health provider performs a procedure without acquiring consent, there is a possibility that their actions legally may amount to beleaguer or battery. According to Forrester and Griffiths (2005), battery involves the unlawful touching of a person without his or her consent. In charges of battery, there is no requirement that the patient sustains any injuries as a result of health professionals unlawful touching.Health providers must therefore have an understanding of the legal ramifications surrounding consent to ensure that they provide safe nursing care based on respecting patients legal rights. It is for this reason that the issue of patients consent was included for discussion in this paper. It is becoming increasingly important for health professionals to have an understanding of their legal and ethical responsibility for the maintenance of patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent prior to preforming any procedure with patients.With the emphasis on patiens rights becoming more prevalent in the health care setting, it is essential that health care workers respect patients rights which include, but are not limited to, maintaining patient privacy and obtaining informed voluntary consent. The health providers present at the health care facility attended by the student nurse were observed to demonstrate good practice with respect to patients rights as set forth in the Queensland Health Public Patients Charter (2002).

Growing Number of Kindergarten Franchises Essay

The preschool martplace is the fastest ontogenesis sector of the tuition industry in chinaware certifyly. Over the cut through of last seven years, the industry has grown at an annualized rate of 10. 3% from 2006. The industry showcased increasing revenues in the period of 2006-2012, owing to the inflating tuition fees aerated by the growing quash of the private kindergartens. The enrollment figures have in any case shown a progressive trend throughout the years, instigated by the growing market presence and awareness about the importance of the pre-primary education amongst masses.Kindergartens in China are responsible for providing both childcare and preschool education to the children aged 3-6 years. The pitch contour of Chinese economy from publicly administered to market- supply has put a great concussion on the kindergarten market of the country. Private sector funded kindergartens have gained increasing time lag over the overall market and had accounted for a domin ant share in 2012. Rural areas of China host the maximum of the kindergartens which are primarily run by the education department or are publicly funded.However, with a rising number of private entities adopting the franchised business model to operate in the underpenetrated market of China preschool industry, the urban areas have showcased an increasing share of enrollments over the years. The preschool industry of China is characterized by a high degree of atomization with increasing number of players implementing acquisition expansion strategies to build on their market shares.RYB education, Oriental BabyCare, Gymboree Play and Music are some of the chief grunge names operating in the market. Other emerging players include Noah training holdings, Beijing Hongying Education group, I Love Gym etc. A significant number of publicly led kindergartens alike are heavy(p) in China which includes players such as Huijia Kindergarten and Hong Huanlan Education Group. Increasing number of working mothers has led to an increasing demand for the kindergartens in the country.Additionally, the large universe of discourse base of the country promises an increasing cohort of children aged under- six, which presents huge opportunities for the exotic and domestic investors to attain growing levels of revenues in coming years. Additionally, the talent-based trainings provided in the kindergartens of China, has also welcomed a growing number of children to participate in the preschool programs.However, the trend of multilingual kindergartens is being most prominently witnessed in this sector, stressing the growing importance of proto(prenominal) language training, as p worryred by parents. The report China Pre-primary Education and Childcare Industry Outlook to 2017 provides detailed overview on the preschool industry from discordant perspectives. The report encloses a comprehensive analysis of the various segments of the market reflecting the present scenario and futu re growth affected by changing industry kinetics in coming years.Additionally, the report also entails information about the regime rules and policies, rational analysis of the macroeconomic factors, along with the competitive landscape of the pre-primary education and childcare industry. The report will help industry consultants, companies and other stakeholders to array their market centric strategies according to ongoing and expected trends in future. For more than information on the industry research report please refer to the below mentioned link http//www. kenresearch. com/education/pre-school-education/china-pre-primary-education-market-research-report/401-99. html.

Analysis and Critique of Research – Based Literature

I. Summary of Hofstedes Model of Cross-Cultural Management Early perplexity gurus used to presume that their ideas on management apply to everybody all over the human beings. Their nonions were challenged when the Japanese became a world economic superpower, along with the significant rise of dragons and tigers economies.The notion that management principles are not universally applicable across all pagan boundaries soon emerged and began to develop itself by means of and through various cross- heathenish studies, such as Lane and Beamishs (1990) get wind on western companies that construct joint-ventures with throng from other nations, without considering the differences in their management cultures and thought that it would be adequate in dealing with global competition problems.Also read this inspection of Stuff Is Not SalvationOne study that stood out from the others came from Geert Hofstede (1980a), who delimit culture as the collective programming of the mind which d istinguishes the members of one gentlemans gentleman group from anotherthe interactive aggregate of common characteristics that influences a gentle groups response to its environment. Richards (2001) mentioned that Hofstedes study was focus on the differences in mental programming among groups of people in contrastive nations, through their collective preferences on certain states of affairs over others.His study was conducted through a questionnaire survey on IBMs employees in fifty nations and his analysis was based on comparative data from that survey. Hofstedes empiric study would then strengthen the belief that western, particularly American, management practices could not directly be applied on management from different cultures, which are based on different values. Geert Hofstede identified four levels of social attachments through which culture displays itself symbols heroes rituals and values.Among said levels, values play the biggest part in explaining ethnic differ ences. Hofstede further identified five primary value dimensions from which a pecking govern can be established for each send hoidenish. These dimensions are 1. individuation versus Collectivism The musical mode in which people live together and the consanguinity that exists between the individual and the collectivity. 2. Large versus Small Power Distance The issue to which a society accepts or rejects inequalities in such areas as prestige, wealthiness and power, or hierarchy versus e tone.3. Strong versus Weak Uncertainty Avoidance The terminus to which culture cope with uncertainty or unstructured situations, and encourage risk-taking, through technology, law and religion (risk avoidance versus risk comfort). 4. Masculinity versus Femininity Attitudes to quality of lifetime, achievement, assertiveness and competition (task versus relationship). 5. Long-term Orientation (Confucian draw Dynamism) Value constancy (perseverance) having a sense of shame or else than guilt search for virtue, rather than truth long-term approach to life and ordering relations by status and observation of it.Hofstede then placed countries inside the in a higher place dimensions and open up that a culture in one country makes people from that country to more likely be bring forth in a certain way than other. This look into was found to be very enlightening (Richards, 2001, p. 172), especially in paving the way to look deeper into the differences in ethnical values and norms. In his 2002 counter-argument made toward McSweeneys critique, Hofstede (2002, p. 1355) even claimed that his pioneering research had resulted in a paradigm-shift in the field of cross- pagan studies.Later on in 1987, he authentic what he called as theory T (Richards, 2001, p. 178), which core arguments are 1. The world is unequal and everyone has his/her place deep down the order. 2. Each of the children has his/her birthright place and has to work on his/her duties accordingly, but can improve his/her position through analyze with a good teacher, working with a good patron, and/or marrying a good partner. 3. Wisdom is grounded on tradition.That is why human beings do not like change and will avoid it if he/she can. Trying to light upon the ideal model for these cultural differences, Hofstede then developed his theory T to a more complex model he called theory T +, which added on to theory T the component of change and the ability within a particular culture to modernize and synergize with other cultures through life experience commitment to change capacity to lead to change and peoples learning capacities (Richards, 2001, pp. 6-17).II. Analysis and Critique The prescribed narrations that followed after Richards (2001) overview of cultural differences, cultural dimensions and syndromes, through previous academics works (Hofstede, Trompenaars and others) and his own teachings on cultural understanding, essentially went back and forth on research credibility issues, incl uding daring in the methodologies that these academics utilized in their research (i. e. Hofstedes critique on Trompenaars research methodologies and its subsequent rebuttal from Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars in practice sessions 2 and 3 of the reading list, followed by more critique from Hofstede on Trompenaars work in reading 4, and still followed by Brendan McSweeney critique on Hofstedes own methodological analysis and the quality of his evidence in reading 5, which sparked another refutation from Hofstede in reading 6, and still another counter-rebuttal from Sweeney in reading 7).To this generator, all the above debate was focused on several key issues 1. All supposed claims have to be based on analysis grounded on empirical research. 2. Selection of methodology made on an academics research could look on the credibility of his/her research and subsequent academic analysis. 3. Research design, along with eccentric of data and instruments to gather said data are exce ptionally important in the formation of a researchers analysis. . The type of analysis used on a researchers database would determine the scope of academic claim he/she could create and how valid those claims would be. This sources own doubt on Hofstedes research is principally based on whether his sample of 117,000 respondents who participated in his questionnaire survey are homogenous, indeed representative enough to the world population that was supposed to be the target population of his research on (world) culture.Unlike McSweeney in reading 5, however, this writer would give Hofstede the benefit of the doubt on his choice of questionnaire content, which must have played a significant part in determining whether cultural differences could be correctly reflected through the selection of question items. Simply put, should the writer be in Hofstedes shoes and possess sufficient resources within his grasp, he would probably undertake another survey-based research on a much narr ower or tighter cultural sub-concept or characteristic, which makes up a bigger concept of culture.

Ap World Histroy Dbq

DBQ Political, religious, and social factors stirred the work of scientist in the one-sixteenth and seventeenth century in many ways. They were the reasons why vivid philosophers questioned, studied, and move to find advanced information in their discoveries. Developing a refreshing scientific worldview must turn in required an abundance of controversy transaction with these important factors. There were pile who believed that the discoveries make should not interfere with policy-making power. *Thomas Hobbes, an English Philosopher, certainly believed in many theories that scientists had viewed. However he is best known for his political thought.Certainly his political views were included in his scientific works (Doc 7). Louis XVI, a political power, showed interest into the scientific studies. This evidently showed on a drawing to honor Louis XVIs visit to the French Royal Academy (Doc 10). Clearly, science was encouraged to flourish because batch knew the delight of the country, for not only depending on the arms abroad but for excessively creating abundances at home (Doc 11). The social factor was furthermost likely to realise been more analyzed in scientist works. Many were interested in what people thought of them and their studies.Scientist were even more proficient in removing their experiments completely if people disagreed. Marin Mersenne guaranteed that his experiments had been repeated more than 100 times, but however was willing to mixed bag them if someone did not agree. Others however, were confident in their studies and did not care for a lot criticism (Doc 1). The reason for why natural philosophers were sometimes held back was because they sincerely did not know what their objective was. This is most likely why they made slight progress in the sixteenth and seventeenth centauries (Doc 4). Religion was in spades a factor scientist considered.They took the principles of God into their works. It appeared impossible to them how thin gs could have so more than astonishing features and qualities and still have been created out of nature. They knew these things became to exist from an immeasurable scholarship and power (Doc 8). Just as God governs minds, minds have specific laws which deposit them above the moments of matter (Doc 12). Bible stories were used as comparisons with scientific views, such(prenominal) as John Calvin mentioning Moses who wrote in a popular style where each(prenominal) ordinary persons gifted with common sense and were able to be tacit (Doc 2). He is a French Protestant theologian which may be what leads him to trust that astronomy unfolds the admirable wisdom of God. There were those who were not affected with political, religious, and social factors because they were limited on human rights. Women had certain difficulties in the scientific area. Margret Cavendish would have set her own school of natural philosophy if she would have not have feared the casting of a male school. *Marg aret, a natural philosopher, was certainly interested in discoveries however, she understood the complications of having a part in this grouping (Doc 9).Studies should have been allowed from those who wished to learn, as well as those who selected to reject whatsoever is unidentified to them (Doc2). Both genders could have formed a friendship in the midst of intelligent associations this would have been a great aid to the investigation and direction of the truth (Doc 6). Political, religious, and social factors were massive topics. Natural Philosophers certainly were aware of their lick of studies and experiments. They all had different views on the three factors causing old and new discoveries to be more interesting.

Consumer Market Profile Worksheet

Demographic market description Describe the demographic inside information of your target market. The following items include general descriptive categories you might key out for your customers. Skip items which are not applicable and add items that are. Age digress Income range sex Occupation Marital Status Family size ethnical Group Level of Education Home ownership Other 2. geographic market description Area served (city, region, nation, etc. ) Density (urban, rural, suburban, etc. ) lieu (mall, strip center, business district, etc. Climate conditions 3. Lifestyle description What anatomy of people need or want your product or return? Your natural instincts and experience with customers should give you some sense of what your customers are elicit in. A little research can help you identify other(a) aspects of your target markets lifestyle. 3-1 . Cryptographic description Describe your target market in terms of selections made from the following terms relevant t o your business. Technically booster Status seeking Trend-setting Conservative Socially responsible Environmentally conscious(p) Smart shopper Family-oriented Fun-seeking

The Personal Use As Teachers Education Essay

In the personal usage as instructors, we ordain be enquirying the Howard Gardner surmisal and the differences usages it behind hold and its importance in kids s eruditeness procedure. In this undertaking you can see the definition and in figure outation of The triune Intelligences Theory of Howard Gardner and the impact it has in the learning procedure of the educatees in the schoolroom. This research undertaking exit likewise concentrate in how this guess aims to break out and do the acquisition procedure of the pupil wider and easier, learning the pupil the stuff piece at the kindred clip doing usage of his abilities and accomplishments to do this procedure faster and efficient. This theory explains that in the schoolroom we testament happen, as future pedagogues, a diverseness of pupils with varied types of perceptions and abilities that impart impact the mood they learn and get cognition. This theory helps individually pupil invent the akin chance to develop their light operations.This theory can be applied by the instructor in the schoolroom in different shipway. For illustration by cognizing that each pupil learns in different ways, the instructor can integrate what he is learning with each pupil passwords for illustration, allow s conjure up in the Spanish category the instructor remove to discourse a narrative, than if some pupils ar good at larning through music, he can unite lectureing with the narrative narrative, or if the pupil is good at logic, he can give them arranged exercisings including narrative elements.We hope you applaud this research undertaking every bit much as we did speak to TheoryThis theory state us most(prenominal) the difference intelligence people posses, the public-service corporation and importance it has in the schoolroom and pupil larning procedure. The theory of the six-fold Intelligence that Howard Gardner proposes, is almost how each individual learn in different means by including the intelligence they posses with what they atomic number 18 been taught. There atomic number 18 8 different intelligences that had been officially identify and recognized, these be lingual ( word snotty-nosed ) , logical- mathematical ( number/reasoning yen ) , spacial ( image pine ) , bodily-kinesthetic ( organic structure smart ) , melodious ( music smart ) , interpersonal ( people smart ) , intrapersonal ( self smart ) , naturalist ( nature smart ) . In other(a) words we can state doubled Intelligences atomic number 18 eight different ways to show rational world power.The theory of multiple intelligences proposes a major transmutation in the manner our schools are run. It suggests that instructors be trained to show their lessons in a broad assortment of ways utilizing music, concerted acquisition, art activities, function drama, multimedia, field trips, interior contemplation, and much more.The theory of multiple intelligences has strong deductions for grownup acquisition and development. Many grownups find themselves in wrinkles that do non do optimum usage of their most extremely genuine intelligences ( for illustration, the extremely bodily-kinesthetic person who is stuck in a lingual or logical desk-job when he or she would be much happier in a occupation where they could travel close to, The theory of multiple intelligences gives grownups a whole new manner to look at their lives, analyzing potencies that they left buttocks in their childhood.Here are the different intelligences, a brief description and the accomplishments each of them AAThe pupils with the visual/ spacial intelligence have the capacity to comprehend the ocular. These scholars tend to believe in images and need to make graphic mental images to retain information. They enjoy looking for at maps, charts, images, pictures, and films. The accomplishments they have ( which instructors should hold in head when learning them ) are mystifier edifice, reading , composing, clearing charts and graphs, and many more.Students with the verbal/linguistic intelligence have abilities that take the usage of words and linguistic communication. These scholars have extremely developed auditory accomplishments and are by and large elegant talkers. They think in words instead than images. Their accomplishments take on hearing, speech production, composing, narrative relation, explicating, didactics, utilizing wit, etc.APeoples with the logical/mathematical intelligence have the ability to utilize ground, logic and Numberss. These scholars think conceptually in logical and numerical forms doing connexions between pieces of information. Always funny about the beingness around them, these learner ask tonss of inquiries and like to make experiments. Their accomplishments include job resolution, sorting and categorising information, operative with abstract constructs to calculate out the blood of each to the other, etc.Learners with the bodily/kine sthetic intelligence have the ability to command organic structure motions and handle objects skilfully. These scholars express themselves through motion. They have a good sense of balance and eye-hand co-ordination. ( e.g. ball drama, equilibrating beams ) . Through interacting with the infinite around them, they are able to retrieve and treat information. Their accomplishments include dance, sensible co-ordination, athleticss, custodies on experimentation, utilizing organic structure linguistic communication, trades, moving, miming, utilizing their custodies to make or construct, exhibit emotions through the organic structure.Students with the musical/rhythmic intelligence have the ability to bring forth and appreciate music. These musically inclined scholars think in sounds, stick around and forms. They instantly respond to music either appreciating or strike hard what they hear. Many of these scholars are highly sensitive to environmental sounds ( e.g. crickets, bells, drip ping lights-outs ) . Their accomplishments include vocalizing, whistling, constituteing musical instruments, acknowledging tonic forms, composing music, retrieving tunes, construeing the construction and beat of music.Those who possess the interpersonal intelligence have the ability to associate and understand others. These scholars try to see things from other people s point of military posture in order to understand how they think and feel. Their accomplishments include seeing things from other positions ( dual-perspective ) , listening, utilizing empathy, understanding other people s tempers and feelings, reding, co-operating with separates, detecting people s tempers, A and many more.Having the intrapersonal intelligence will give you the ability to self-reflect and be cognizant of one s interior province of being. These scholars try to understand their interior feelings, dreams, relationships with others, and strengths and failings. Their accomplishments include Acknowledgi ng their ain strengths and failings, reflecting and analysing themselves, consciousness of their interior feelings, desires and dreams, measuring their intellection forms, concluding with themselves, understanding their function in relationship to others.The pupils with the realistic smart being able to touch, nonplus, keep, and seek practical hands-on experiences, but by and large out-of-doorss within the environment, nature and animate beings. Being Naturalistic agencies you are really interested and funny of your surroundings.A These scholars enjoy playing out and travel on trips to larn about the environment and the animate beings. And likely go on or like pets, and dislike pollution and people that litter. Their accomplishments include whitethorn be really interested in species, or in the environment and the Earth, may hold a strong affinity to the outside universe or to animate beings, they may bask topics like biological science, vegetation, geology, atmospheric conditio n forecasting, astronomy fauna, or palaeontology.De crisscross ( Classroom usage )AThe instructor ( utilizing on the whole this theory ) aims to learn the assigned stuff in a different manner for each group of pupils that posses the said(prenominal) intelligence. For this, the instructor has to place by giving a trials to the pupils, how many of them belong to a peculiar intelligence group. Once all the pupils intelligence had been identify they are divided and grouped together merely with the pupils they portion the same intelligence. The pupils that possess the lingual intelligence acquire together in a side of the schoolroom, while the pupils with the musical intelligence acquire together in a different side, same applies to every other intelligence. After all the pupils are in groups with the pupils that posses the same intelligence as them, the instructor will learn the exact same category stuff to each group but otherwise to each of them. If the instructor is learning about animate beings who eat merely veggies, the group of pupils possessing the lingual intelligence can read about it, the group of pupils possessing the logical-mathematical intelligence could utilize mathematical expressions to show it, pupils with the visual-spatial intelligence can analyze a in writing chart that illustrates the rule like this illustrations, the remainder of the groups will larn and be taught the same stuff but in a different manner. By learning to a pupil s intelligences and by leting them to show themselves utilizing their preferable intelligences the full schoolroom can be enriched. Students will research the Multiple Intelligences theories and larn to plan lesson programs that appeal to assorted intelligences.But, aside of separately utilizing a different method for each pupils, another contour of utilizing the Multiple Intelligences Theory would be for all the pupils, no affair which intelligence they are portion of, to be taught with every other intelligence method, this will affect everyone in the schoolroom into a better acquisition experience in my sentiment and I think is really the one most instructors use now yearss. For illustration Teachers should construction the presentation of stuff in a manner which engages most or all of the intelligences. For illustration, when learning about the radical war, a instructor can demo pupils conflict maps, play radical war vocals, form a function drama of the sign language of the Declaration of Independence, and have the pupils read a novel about life during that period. This sort of presentation non merely excites pupils about acquisition, but it besides allows a instructor to reenforce the same stuff in a assortment of ways. By triping a broad mixture of intelligences, learning in this mode can ease a deeper apprehension of the capable stuff.When sing multiple intelligences in the schoolroom, a instructor should avoid the impulse to strike off kids as holding merely one such type. Many kid s will hold strengths and failings in more than one of these countries. All kids in the schoolroom should be encouraged to seek new things and research every construct through a broad assortment of experiences. Showing stuff in assorted ways allows instructors to make more pupils, potentially extinguishing the get the better of when some merely do nt look to acquire it. The benefits of integrating the Multiple Intelligences Theory in the schoolroom would beProvide reliable experiences for pupils establish on single demands.Longer storage of memory because activities are significant and connect to personal experiences.Activities/performances may increase parent engagement in the schoolroom and school.Students able to show and portion strength.Students to derive self sureness because they are demoing off their country of strength.DecisionOnce we finish our research Paper Project we notice that there exists some theory elements form the Multiple Intelligence Theory that we did nt know.A When we began our research, we found some different information. In some resources at that place appear seven intelligences but in others appear eight.A Finally we can reason that there are eight different types of intelligences.Thankss to this research we learn about diverse and different instruction techniques and schemes that the instructor may utilize in the classroom.A We like being working and look intoing because we had learn different techniques that we can utilize to affect our pupils in class.A This theory is really utile for teachers.A We think that every instructor should hold this theory in their categories in order to introduce and make interest categories for their pupils.

Bimbo

Estrategias de Crecimiento de Bimbo Fusiones y Adquisiciones a. Como se incorporo Bimbo el reparto de utilidades y la responsabilidad social en su com locomoteia? REPARTO DE UTILIDADES Uno de los ingredientes mas importantes de la receta secreta de Bimbo es que no inmatecibe a sus colaboradores como recursos humanos, sino como personas a las que brinda trato justo y afecto, seguridad, oportunidades de aprender y de crecer siendo utiles a la sociedad. Crecer e innovar es la kidnapsigna del individualized de Bimbo.Ellos saben que el desarrollo de nuevos professionalductos y la reinversion de las utilidades es lo mejor check bit la empresa, y mantienen el compromiso de generar una publicidad etica, anclada en la verdad y el respeto al cliente. Una gran preocupacion desde el principio, fue la relacion memorise el personal. Queriamos que trabajara hornswogglevicttento, que se identificara mulct la empresa, que se le respetara. Por nuestra formacion cristiana, teniamos una mental imagery no instrumental de la gente, de relaciones cordiales y armoniosas con el personal. Con los anos se consolido el ideal de una empresa altamente productiva y plenamente humana.Los repartos de utilidades entre los colaboradores rebasaron los minimos fijados por ley, y muchos de ellos pudieron adquirir acciones de la empresa a precios inferiores a los del mercado. . Participacion de los trabajadores en las utilidades La PTU se registra en los resultados del ano en que se causa y se presenta en el rubro de otros gastos en los estados de resultados. 2008 2007 2006 Ventas Netas82,317 72,294 66,836 Participacion de los trabajadores en las utilidades 467 467 456 RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIALComprometido con su responsabilidad social, Grupo Bimbo participa en importantes proyectos comunitarios, como la reforestacion de areas naturales protegidas de la Republica Mexicana, asi como en diferentes proyectos para el bienestar de la sociedad. El Programa de Responsabilidad Social, se centra en cu atro programas 1. Comprometidos con tu Salud.? 2. Comprometidos con el Medio Ambiente.? 3. Comprometidos con Nuestros Colaboradores.? 4. Comprometidos con Nuestra Sociedad. 1. Comprometidos con tu Salud Integra iniciativas enfocadas al bienestar de la poblacion a.Innovacion y reformulacion de productos Reduccion de acidos trans-fat, azucar y sal. Introduccion de productos de 100 calorias, introduccion de productos fortificados con avena, linaza, and so forth b. Informacion Nutricional a los consumidores Informacion mas comprensible por medio de etiquetas mas claras y legibles. c. Publicidad y Mercadotecnia responsables Se firmo el Codigo Mexicano de Publicidad de Alimentos y Bebidas para ninos, con el cual se comprometen a promover una publicidad socialmente responsable hacia los ninos. d.Promocion de actividad fisica y estilos de vida saludables A traves de publicidad, envolturas, sitios en Internet, publicaciones, reportes del consumidor y promocion de actividades, contribuyen a e l mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los consumidores. Por ejemplo el slogan Llenate de energia con 30 minutos de ejercicio diario en todos los empaques y publicidad y el Torneo Futbolito Bimbo. e. Asociaciones Con otras empresas para establecer programas como Alianza para el corazon, Alianza para un estilo de vida saludable.Y con institutos de nutricion para poder ofrecer productos nuevos y mejores. Tambien se apoya a la Cruz Roja en Mexico, la Casa de la Amistad para Ninos con pubic louse en Mexico y otros proyectos en Guatemala, Costa Rica y Uruguay. En EEUU se apoyan programas que contribuyen a la prevencion de enfermedades congenitas, nacimientos prematuros y muerte de ninos, entre otros. 2. Comprometidos con el Medio Ambiente Se trabaja mas de 20 proyectos en 5 lineas de accion a. Ahorro de energia b. Reduccion de emisiones c. Ahorro de agua d.Administracion de desperdicios solidos. e. Responsabilidad social hacia el medio ambiente Se invita a los colaboradores y proveedor es a compartir acciones para beneficiar el medio ambiente. Se llevan a cabo ferias de Sustentabilidad para dar a conocer a los colaboradores informacion de los productos ecologicos para el consumo en el hogar. Se fundo Reforestemos Mexico que en conjunto con los grupos etnicos de Mexico se desarrollan habilidades para promover las practicas sustentables y asegurar la preservacion de recursos naturales.Bimbo es parte de la Comision de Estudios del Sector Privado para el Desarrollo Sustentable que representa al Consejo de Negocios Mundial de Desarrollo Sustentable, en Mexico. 3. Comprometidos con Nuestros Colaboradores a. Salud y Seguridad Programas de orientacion que incluyen platicas para reducir los accidentes en la compania, asi la realizacion de campanas medicas que promueven la vacunacion, y pruebas de vision, audicion y dentales a los colaboradores. Constantemente se refuerza la importancia de adoptar estilos de vida saludables por medio de conferencias y cursos.Se ha implement ado un programa que promueve el ejercicio fisico diario en el trabajo. b. Desarrollo de Colaboradores Se ofrecen cursos de educacion primaria, cursos de ingles, instruccion para lograr un grado universitario en Mexico y Latinoamerica, tambien se cuenta con una Universidad virtual que contribuye al desarrollo de talento y liderazgo. c. Ayuda Social Se promueven los ahorros voluntarios entre los colaboradores. Se promueven oportunidades de trabajo, se contrata a un gran numero de colaboradores con discapacidades, se ofrecen conferencias sobre ambiente de trabajo, etc. 4.Comprometidos con Nuestra Sociedad Se ayuda en forma economica para promover el progreso social y la educacion. En el area de educacion se construyo en 2008 el Centro para el Tratamiento de Individuos con Afasia, se apoyaron programas educativos como Ayudando a Ninos como Yo de UNICEF, El Calendario de Valores de Fundacion Televisa, programas de nutricion a ninos y becas de la Fundacion Tarahumara, entre otros. Se col aboro en la publicacion del libro Como proteger a tus hijos de las drogas. Mas de 1,000 estudiantes y educadores recibieron apoyo a traves de instituciones como Fundacion de Empresarios por a Educacion Basica. Y se ayudo a mas de 5,000 estudiantes universitarios de la Escuela Bancaria y Comercial, ITAM, UDEM e UIA. Tambien en el extranjero se apoya en organizaciones en pro de la educacion. Mas de un geographical milelon de agricultores se han beneficiado de los proyectos que apoya Grupo Bimbo. Tambien, en asociacion con FinComun, se le ha brindado ayuda financiera a mas de 15 mil micro empresas y cerca de 140 mil personas con espiritu emprendedor para que desarrollen sus propios negocios. b. ?Cuando se convirtio Bimbo en una empresa cotizada en la Bolsa de Valores?La primera empresa del grupo, Panificacion Bimbo, fue fundada el 2 de diciembre de 1945 en la ciudad de Mexico. Posteriormente, entre 1952 y 1978, se abrieron 12 plantas mas, lo que le permitio extender la distribucion de sus productos a todo Mexico. Durante este mismo periodo se constituyo la fabrica Pasteles y Bizcochos, que posteriormente se convertiria en Productos Marinela. Y se establecieron las primeras plantas de dulces y chocolates de Ricolino y de botanas saladas Barcel. Durante este periodo empezo tambien la integracion vertical del Grupo con la inauguracion de la primera planta de mermeladas.Desde febrero de 1980, 34 anos despues de su fundacion, Grupo Bimbo se transformo en una empresa publica y 15% de sus acciones comenzaron a cotizarse en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores. La empresa no se cotiza en el exterior, debido a que no ha tenido necesidad de financiarse en mercados internacionales, sus necesidades la ha cubierto oportunamente el mercado nacional. c. ?Cuando fue la primera adquisicion de Bimbo? ?Cual fue la meta, y como actuo la compania para asegurar que su flexibilidad no fuera comprometida por esta adquisicion?Con la finalidad de lograr una posicion de liderazgo a nivel internac ional y genus Consolidarse como lider en el continente americano, el Grupo ha realizado inversiones en el extranjero. Dichas inversiones se efectuan a traves de asociaciones estrategicas y/o adquisiciones de empresas del sector que le permitan tener una red de canales de distribucion y venta todavia mas importante y asi poder consolidarse operativamente. El interes de BIMBO por participar en los mercados internacionales se debe al gran potencial de crecimiento en lo referente a la relacion de consumo entre pan tradicional y pan empacado.La primera adquisicion del Grupo Bimbo en Mexico fue Continental de Alimentos, S. A. en Mexico en 1986. En 1990 comenzo con operaciones a nivel internacional con la adquisicion de una planta productora de pan y pastelitos en Guatemala. Las estrategias de adquisicion le han permitido al Grupo capitalizar las experiencias en diferentes mercados y diversificar su concentracion geografica, disminuyendo asi el riesgo que pudieran presentar los mercados lo cales en los que participa. La estrategia de crecimiento de Grupo Bimbo ha sido desde un principio consolidar su plataforma.Cronologia de expansion y adquisiciones del Grupo Bimbo 1984BIMBO incursiono en el mercado de exportacion con la distribucion de productos Marinela hacia EE. UU. 1986BIMBO adquirio en Mexico Continental de Alimentos, S. A. de C. V. , empresa que producia y comercializaba la marca Wonder, hasta entonces competidora directa de BIMBO en panificacion y pastelitos. 1989Se adquiere Holsum en Venezuela. 1990Comenzo con operaciones a nivel internacional, con la adquisicion de una planta productora de pan y pastelitos en Guatemala, esto marco el inicio de la cobertura que el Grupo tiene en Latinoamerica. 992Adquision de Alesa, S. A. y Cena (hoy Ideal, S. A. ) en Chile. Adquision en Mexico de la fabrica Galletas Lara, lo cual permitio la entrada formal al mercado de las galletas tradicionales, tipo marias y saladas, 1993Se extendio a Venezuela con la adquisicion de Indus trias Marinela, C. A. y Panificadora Holsum de Venezuela, C. A. Se instalaron plantas productivas en Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador y Peru, asi como empresas de distribucion en Honduras y Nicaragua. Se explande en Estados Unidos, con el establecimiento y adquisicion de plantas productivas en los estados fronterizos con Mexico.Se adquiere Orbit Finer viandss, Inc. 1994Se adquiere en EEUU La Fronteriza, Inc. 1995Se adquiere en EEUU C&C Bakery, Inc. y la Tapatia Tortilleria, Inc. 1996Se adquiere en EEUU Pacific presumption Bakeries, con dos plantas (Suandy Foods Inc. y Proalsa Trading, Co. 1998Se adquiere en EEUU La empresa de panificacion Mrs. Bairds, lider en el estado de Texas, EEUU , y en Mexico se inicio con operaciones en la planta de Bimbo en la Paz, Baja California. La expansion de BIMBO llego al continente europeo con el establecimiento en Alemania de la empresa distribuidora de confiteria Park Lane Confectionery.Tambien en ese ano, con objeto de enfocarse en s us negocios principales, BIMBO llevo a cabo desinversiones en la elaboracion y distribucion de helados en Mexico y de botanas saladas en Chile. 1999BIMBO realizo una alianza estrategica con la empresa Dayhoff, en EE. UU. , dedicada a la distribucion de dulces, a traves de una participacion accionaria de 50%. BIMBO se asocio con Grupo MacMa al adquirir una participacion de 51% en las empresas dedicadas a la elaboracion de pastas. En el estado de California, EE. UU. , adquirio la empresa panificadora Four-S.Se construyo una nueva planta panadera en Tijuana, BC. Refuerza presencia en Colombia, con la adquisicion de activos en la ciudad de Calli. Se convierte en el proveedor unico de toda la bolleria de la cadena de restaurantes McDonald? s en Venezuela, Colombia y Peru. Se concretan negociaciones con la em count Panacea, SA en Costa Rica, lo cual permitio a BIMBO la adqusision de algunos de los activos de esta empresa y el derecho al uso de Tulipan, su marca lider en ese pais. Se conso lida en EEUU Mrs. Baairds Bakeries Busineess Trust en el mercado de Texas y Bimbo Bakeries USA, Inc. en el mercado de California. 000Se inauguran, a traves de Ricolino, dos plantas en la Union Europea, una en Viena, Suiza y en Ostrava, Republica Checa. Se adquiere la panificadora Pan Pyc, la segunda empresa mas importante en Peru. Se adquiere la empresa La Mejor en Guatemala, con presencia en Guatemala, El Salvador y Honduras. 2001Se adquirio Plus Vita, una de la empresas panificadoras mas grandes en Brasil. 2002La participacion de BIMBO en la alianza con la empresa Dayhoff en EEUU aumento a 70%. Se fusionaron todas las empresas operadoras del Grupo en Mexico, en dos grandes empresas Bimbo, SA de CV y Barcel , SA de CV.Para optimizar operaciones y eficientar su capacidad instalada y su fuerza de distribucion. Se adquirio, a traves de la subsidiaria en EEUU, las operaciones de la panificacion en la contribution oeste de EEUU, pertenecientes a la empresa George Weston Limited. Con el lo fortalecio la posicion del Grupo en mercados clave California y Texas. 2003Se concreto una alianza estrategica con Wrigley Sales Company en EEUU. Participacion como socio minoritario en un consorcio donde adquiere ciertos derechos de propiedad y deuda de la Compania de Alimentos Fargo, SA en Argentina. 004 Adquiere el total de acciones de Dayhoff en EEUU. Adquisicion de las empresas Jocyco de Mexico SA de CV, Alimentos Duval, SA de CV y Lollmen, SA de CV, propiedad de accionistas mexicanos y de la empresa espanola Corporacion Agrolimen, SA. Se adquieren en Mexico dos plantas de produccion lideres de la industria de la confiteria en Mexico. 2005Se adquiere en Mexico Controladora y Administradora de Pastelerias, SA de CV, operadora de las pastelerias El Globo. 2006Se adquiere en Uruguay las empresas panificadoras Walter M.Doldan y Cia, SA y Los Sorchantes, SA, posicionados como lideres en el mercado. Se inician operaciones en Asia, al adquirir la empresa Beijing Ranrico Food Proces sing Center, ubicada en China, lo que ha permitido una importante presencia y reconocimiento en Beijing y Tianjin. Se adquieren activos y marcas de las pastelerias El Molino, unas de las mas antiguas y de mayor tradicion en Mexico. 2007Se realizo la compraventa de la empresa de galletas, grissines y pan rallado Maestro Cubano Florentino Sande, SA en Uruguay. Se adquirio Temis en Paraguay. 008Se adquieren las companias Laura y de Firenze en Brasil. Se adquiere Plucky en Uruguay. Adquiere el 75% e acciones de la empresa panificadora Nutrela Alimentos, SA en Brasil. Se adquiere en Honduras Galletas Lido Pozuelo. Se adquiere en Mexico Galletas Gabi 2009Se adquiere la panificadora Weston Foods, Inc en EEUU. Mayor operacion en la historia del Grupo Bimbo. Bibliografia Santander (2009) Latin American Equity Research Recuperado el dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de http//www. santander. com. mx/PDF/canalfin/documentos/bimbo231009e. df Grupo Bimbo (2010) GRUPO BIMBO REPORTA RESULTADOS DEL SEGUNDO TR IMESTRE DE 2009. Recuperado el dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de http//www. grupobimbo. com. mx/relacioninv/uploads/reports/PR%202T09. pdf Grupo Bimbo (2010) Reporte Anual 2008. Recuperado el dia 27 de marzo de 2010 de http//www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/reports/IA%202008%20esp. pdf Grupo Bimbo (2008) DECLARACION DE INFORMACION SOBRE REESTRUCTURACION SOCIETARIA. Recuperado el 28 de marzo de 2010 de http//www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/press/reescorp. pdfEnfasis Alimentacion (2010) Grupo Bimbo podria convertirse en la empresa mas importante de panificacion a nivel mundial. Recuperado el dia 28 de marzo de 2010 de http//www. alimentacion. enfasis. com/notas/11490-grupo-bimbo-podria-convertirse-la-empresa-mas-importante-panificacion-nivel-mundial Grupo Bimbo (2010) Historia Grupo Bimbo. Recuperado el 28 de marzo de 2010 de http//www. grupobimbo. com/admin/content/uploaded/Historia%20Grupo%20Bimbo. pdf Grupo Bimbo 08 Social Responsability Report http//www. grupobimbo. com/ admin/content/uploaded/BIMBO%20RS%20ING%20xpag. df Grupo Bimbo Informe Anual 08 http//www. grupobimbo. com/relacioninv/uploads/reports/IA%202008%20esp. pdf Editorial Columnas. Cultura Bimbo. http//www. eluniversal. com. mx/columnas/55515. hypertext markup language Grupo Bimbo. Pagina internet. http//www. grupobimbo. com/display. php? section=1&subsection=13 Bolsa Mexicana de Valores http//www. bmv. com. mx/ Entrepreneur. Grupo Bimbo Selling scratch line and Nostalgia http//www. entrepreneur. com/tradejournals/article/131896496. html Grupo Bimbo. Reporte Anual 2008 http//www. bmv. com. mx/infoanua/infoanua_3099_20090625_1643. pdf