Imperial Russian Middle Class Essay Example for Free

Imperial Russian sum Class EssayBefore the late 1900s Russia was in the main an agrarian country with a government in the hands of the Tsarist regime however with the advent of the Industrial revolution in Russia changes happened within Russian society resulting in the creation of an Urban middle class. The result of the industrial revolution was that Russia underwent a rapid industrialization and urbanization wherein peasants moved migrated towards the the many cities some notably Petrograd (present day St.Petersburg) due to the opportunity for higher w dates that was present there. This sudden rapid industrialization can be attributed to the growth of the capital compulsive middle class which encouraged the creation of numerous factories and complexes to feed the growing hunger of the Russian economy for industri completelyy made goods. The end result of this was that the conventional agrarian economy of Russia ands its previous class system was replaced by a growing and popular capitalist system. Impact of the Russian Middle Class on Society.Political Impact During the mid 1800s the growing Russian middle class received a boost from the political reforms enacted at the time resulting in sweet forums for civic duty and activity for its members. The result was in 1864 an independent judiciary and numerous local assemblies were created as well as numerous urban center administrations and city councils during the 1870s which resulted in greater control of the middle class over numerous aspects of city governance and operations. Societal ImpactThe rapid expansion of Russias industrial arena due to its middle class resulted in a societal shift from its previous agrarian culture to an industrial one. The result of course was a migration of peasants to the numerous newly industrialized cities which provided them with a more ample wage than what they were used to as farmed. One unique aspect of this though was that a lot of these workers hush up continu ed to keep ties with their families support home in the farming communities that they had come from and at times returned back to their communities for a while only to go back to the cities a few days later.Such actions can be compared to todays overseas workers who work in other countries, keep touch with their family and friends back home and go back and forth between the countries where they worked and countries they came from. It can be said that the industrial revolution in Russia was the reason for the creation of a new culture of outstrip workers something unheard of at time since most peasants preferred to stay near their homes.Architectural, Economic and Health ImpactIt was through the new lifestyles for the peasantry created by the Russian Middle class that a new city centered culture was created wherein to house all these new workers numerous new buildings were created near the factories where the workers could stay in swan to be near the place they worked. Unfortunate ly due to the high prices of dwellings at the time most occupants stay in rooms which they had to share with 4 to 5 other people and the resulting overpopulation in some areas caused the disease to spread rapidly over what was a new class in society, the urban working poor.It wasnt all bad though it was due to the work in the factories that workers were able to buy products within the city that they normally wouldnt have been able to obtain back in their farming communities resulting in a brisk local economy. Conclusion Although the power of the Russian middle class was curtailed by the state in the form of inordinate qualifications when it came to holding political positions, it was through the Middle class that status of a lot of Russias peasantry was able to improve and Russia was able to enter a new age of industry.

Shadow box play review Essay Example for Free

Shadow box correspond review EssayOn the night of the 28th of November 2013, I had the lay on the line of watch some of the third year Lasalle theatre students produce and perform Michael Christofers The Shadow Box. Despite having very little knowledge of the play itself, I thoroughly enjoyed the play and was kept engaged throughout. The Shadow Box revolves around third main terminally ill pieces, Joe, Felicity and Agnes, who had to deal with the point of not being able to live very much longer. It as well involves their family and friends facing the inevitable death of their loved one. The play addresses the theme of death and the idea of prehension the day and living life to its fullest, otherwise known as Carpe Diem. Keeping within the genre of realism, the play uses dark comedy to emphasize and enhance the pass on of the play to grab onto life and live it with all your might. The play was held in the Creative Cube and the space was influence up with blocks of differ ent heights, distinguishing the three individual spaces, as well as a void-like segment placed center up-stage. The space showed the cottages of Joes, Brians and Felicitys, from stage left to stage undecomposed respectively.The void-like space had a swivel chair with a spotlight on it. During the play, the different characters had a chance to sit on the chair and discuss their live situations with numerous voices that encouraged all(prenominal) of them to express their emotions. This gave the audience an insight into their personal feelings and thoughts of their condition. Even though the stiff was not exactly the most extravagant, it had basic set pieces such(prenominal) as a couch and a table that make it unambiguous to the audience that the play was set in their cottages.I felt that the set was enough to inform he audience of where the play was set in and what really mattered was the content and acting of the play. What had kept me engaged was how strong the relationships bet ween the characters were and how I as an audience member could so clearly see severally characters development throughout the play. I could actually see how each character grew from being almost angry and confused of their inevitable death, to growing to accept it.The show began with Jordan Prainito, who played Joe, walking into a void and being questioned by several voices about his family and his daily routine ever since he began living at the cottage. It wasnt made clear to the audience who exactly the voices belonged to, however I got an impression that they were doctors and it seemed as if it was a daily or weekly routine to talk to these voices. The other characters underwent the same thing and as I have mentioned before, it gave us an insight into their personal emotions and their opinions of the whole situation.The relationships between the different characters were so well established that made the play passing captivating to watch as you could also see the personal strug gle of each character slowly losing a loved one. My favourite relationship established within the play would have to be between Felicity and Agnes, played by Rachel Tay and Samantha Jean Kwok respectively. They played a mother-daughter relationship where the daughter, Agnes, had to take care of her terminally ill mother who seemed to have a side condition of dementia.You could see how patient Agnes had to be with Felicity, and how she had to remind her mother of basic things, such as the date and time, to slightly more serious things, such as who Agnes was, as Felicity had a mindset that her other daughter, Claire, was still alive and was taking care of Felicity instead and not Agnes. My favourite character would be Beverly, who was played by Chinie Concepcion. She was acting as Marks ex girlfriend, who was the terminally ill patient in cottage 2. Mark, played by Renfred Ng also had a gay partner, Brian, played by Brett Khao.Together, Beverly and Brian fought and worked together to overcome their fear of losing a loved one so soon. As they had tell apart personalities, Beverlys being loose and carefree, whereas Brian was rigid and uptight, this created an interesting segment to watch on how the two had to work together for Marks sake. Chinie Concepcion brought so much life to her character and did a really good job of portraying her character as the life of the party, or rather life in general (She also rocked her sparkly 6 inch heels throughout the whole show).Each relationship played throughout the show was kept real, distinct and extremely powerful. It made me feel almost connected to the characters who had to face the expected death of their loved ones. I especially felt this from the relationship between Stevie, played by Kimberly Chan and her father Joe. As we saw the first meeting between Stevie and her father, you could almost feel her excitement and joy bouncing around the whole space. This was seen through her facial expressions and eagerness to mak e him proud through her songs played on the guitar.However, she had not known of his coming death and it was the biggest bomb dropped throughout the whole show. As each relationship and character had their good points, it made the show enjoyable and engaging. Thus, I felt that the third year Lasalle students did Michael Christofer proud as making this the Singapore premier(a) of The Shadow Box. Everyone should definitely take some time off to catch the play, it was extremely moving and thought-provoking as well as it made me think about really living life to its fullest and how true the expression Carpe Diem was.

Columbus City Schools Policies Essay Example for Free

Columbus City Schools Policies EssayThe reason I dont like the rule ab come to the fore fire arm look-alikes is because, if you return a toy gun that your younger sibling has asked you to hold for them in your bag and you block up about it is an instant 5-10 day suspension. I understand why you would suspend someone for that reason it is because you have to insure the persons safety and the quietus of the schools. But if someone leaves the toy or look-alike in your bag and you for demoralize about its unfair we have to get suspended for that amount of quantify I get a day or two but 5-10 its not fair that is the only reason I have to have a problem with that policy. Insubordination is another one. When a teacher asks you to do something unfair for instance give up your phone when it has fallen out your sackful and they say you have been texting while doing an assignment or cheating is also unfair. Not everyone cheats on their work if our phone happens to slip out why get pun ished it was an accident not intentional. But I get why you do it, its only to insure we arent cheating or texting during class.The go away one is possession, sale or distribution of drugs other than tobacco or alcohol. If someone has a massive headache and cant concentrate in class and the student asks you for an Aspirin or Tylenol and you give it to them why put it as possession, sale or distribution of drugs other than tobacco or alcohol. That in my mind is unfair youre just helping someone out with a legitimate problem that they are having. We are keeping them out of the nurses office and having them in class longer so what is the problem with that? The reasons for this and I know why are because of Marijuana, Cocaine and crack or other narcotics you should put narcotics as its own punishment instead of Aspirin or another type pain reliever.If you would only make the slightest change I would greatly appreciate it. also the drug problems we have and leaving the school without pe rmission. Those are the only few changes I would make about the CCS policy.

Asylum Seekers and Benefits

mental home Seekers and BenefitsA Report on sanctuary Seekers and Benefits.I. IntroductionIn the flush up to the general election, resort is once again in the headlines. The refugee council subject field (RC 2004 2) that institution is the third most important issue in voters minds. Despite its vastness as an issue, reliable information about innovation is difficult to come by. Media reports be sensationalist, often using a vocabulary that is derogatory or dear plain incorrect. For example, the term illegal mental home seeker is often used. Yet as a signatory to the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees, anyone has the right to make an asylum claim, and they shit a legal right to stay while they make their claim (UN 1951 Article 31.1). Thus, no asylum seeker is illegal while reservation a claim. This report will attempt to address some of these misconceptions by analysing asylum seekers in the UK, and in particular the relationship of asylum seekers to gathers and the public assistance state. The perceive sapping of the upbeat state by asylum seekers is one of the issues the press highlights in its coverage of asylum. This report will argue that fears over asylum seekers draining the welfare state are misplaced, and statistics from the London local authorities will be analysed to make this argument.II. What is an Asylum Seeker?An asylum seeker, simply put, is someone claiming the status of asylum. The 1951 UN accordance on refugees states (ibid) that an asylum seeker essential only have a reasonable chance of persecution in his or her country of origin in rig to be granted asylum. Asylum seekers may come from anywhere in the world. For the last two divisions the bulk of the asylum seekers coming to the UK have been from Afghanistan and Iraq (RC 20045) only if the 1951 convention states that application from all countries must be considered. What we have witnessed over the last ten years in the UK is the putting in place of a whole series of rest rictions against the spirit, if not the actual wording, of the 1951 convention.For instance, while the convention demands that applications from all countries be considered, the government has set up a safe list of countries from which applications for asylum will not be considered (UN 1951Article 3, HO 2002/267). Furthermore, as Craze notes (20024) since the 1950s, Europe has witnessed a closing of its borders. In Ceuta, a Spanish enclave in Morocco, an ample electrified fence has been erected to try to prevent immigrants from crossing into Fortress Europe and naval ships now patrol the gulf of Gibraltar on the look out for immigrants. When understanding the delegacy asylum works in the UK, it is important to situate it in terms of the political shifts that have occurred Europe-wide. Such shifts have made asylum applications increasingly difficult, and have demonised and marginalized heap who have a legal basis to make their claim.III. How many Asylum Seekers come to the UK?Asyl um figures are dogged by controversy and heat debate. Yet, the recent data from the UNHCR (UNHCR 2005) seems to suggest an opposite state of affairs to that suggested by the tabloid press. Asylum applications round the world have dropped sharply for the third year in a row, and are now at their lowest level for sixteen years. There is a 19% percent drop in asylum applications in the EU, with a 33% fall in the UK which means there has been a decline of 66% in the last two years. For instance, in the Westminster topical anaesthetic Authority (Wesminster 2005), there were 1,453 asylum seekers claiming support in April 2003. By march 2004 this had dropped to meet 973. This drop was paralleled elsewhere in London, where in the same time stream the bod of asylum seekers seeking support fell from 42,137 to 32,245. In the UK, there are presently 40,200 asylum seekers compared to 60,050 in 2003.In 2001, Armenia absorbed 70 refugees per cat valium inhabitants in comparison, Britain abso rbed only two (HO 2001). Furthermore, in 2003 Britain was only ranked the ninth country in Europe for accepting applications per capita. At this juncture is must be remembered that the vast majority of asylum seekers never manage to leave the countries immediately surrounding the country they fled African countries support far more refugees than European countries, despite having less far less resources to deal with them. Thus, the exaggeration of the press, who propose that Britain is being swamped with asylum seekers, is un stranded. The UK receives a relatively small number of asylum seekers per capita, and that number is falling rapidly. Finally, it should be remembered that the UK has a legal obligation to accept asylum seekers while they make their claim.IV. What burden do Asylum Seekers place on the UK welfare state?It is frequently alleged that asylum seekers only land in the UK because our welfare system is a soft touch. Yet, a recent Home agency report (HORS 200215) conc luded that family, language and colonial history determine where asylum seekers go, not the level of welfare state provision.People do not arrive in the UK hoping to exploit the welfare state. Furthermore, the level of welfare state provision for asylum seekers is woefully inadequate. Asylum seekers are not eligible for normal benefit services. Instead, if asylum seekers want to apply for benefits they must apply to the National Asylum Support Service (NASS). Through this service, a single adult is eligible for just 38.96 a week, only 70% of basic income support. An Oxfam/Refugee Council report (2002 19) concludes that many asylum seekers do not even access these funds, due to a poorly administrated system. They found that 85% of asylum seekers experience hunger during their application, and 95% cannot afford clothes and basic essentials.In December 2003, 80,000 asylum seekers were receiving Home Office support, compared to 1.5 million UK nationals (not including people receiving pe nsions). Given the financial information we noted above, that means that asylum seekers account for just 0.5% of the total benefit budget. Given this information, we can see that the claims of the press are completely unfounded.Further, under section 55 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, in January 2003 many asylum seekers were denied basic support. This defence was made on the pace that asylum seekers had not applied for asylum in reasonable time. However, as we noted above, given immigration restrictions in the UK it is almost impossible to enter the country legally to make an appeal. If we refer to Appendix I the total number of asylum seekers supported by London Authorities, we can see that during the period the beat was implemented the number asylum seekers being supported dropped steeply from 34,175 to 32,281. In June of this year, a high court decision has found such a denial of benefit in breach of the human rights of the asylum seekers, and the governme nt has been forced to reinstate it pending an appeal by the government.Given the extent of the discourse on asylum being a drain on the UK welfare state, it is perhaps surprising to remember the myriad benefits asylum brings. A home office report (quoted RC 20021) show people born outside the UK, including asylum seekers, contribute 10% more in taxes and national insurance contributions than they cost in benefits. In 1998/9, that gives the UK thrift a boost of 2.6 billion. Asylum seekers also bring a wealth of experience into the country. A report from the department of works and pensions (DWP 2001) shows that 53% of refugees had academic qualifications. However, since July 2002, asylum seekers are prevented from using their qualifications by government policy that makes it impossible for asylum seekers to work while their claim is being processed. The Medical Practioners Union (quoted, RC 2001 3), roundly condemn government policy, points out that despite the massive shortage of trained personnel for the NHS, the government still refuses to open up the health service job marketplace to qualified asylum seekers despite the fact that it costs only 5,000 to retrain a foreign determine, compared to a cost of 250,000 to train a British doctor from scratch. Thus, while the figures on asylum numbers we analysed in section III are important, they must be placed in a context of the positively charged benefits asylum seekers bring to the contrary, and a debilitating government policy that prevents them doing even more. V. ConclusionThis report has briefly analysed the current status of asylum in the UK today. up-to-the-minute debates on asylum are marred by a xenophobic anxiety about asylum that distorts the information we have available, and masks the legal obligations that the UK has. The government has do precious little to address these problems, and many of its policies contravene the spirit, if not the code, of the 1951 convention. This report has begun to show that asylum numbers are not anywhere near as big as they are claimed to be by the press, that the amount of support asylum seekers require from the state is nothing like as large as the press would have you believe. Finally, this report has emphasised the importance of the UKs legal obligation to asylum seekers.VI. BibliographyCraze, J. 2002 Fortress Europe. Europa. Vol. 1 No.3.Departments of Works and Pensions. 2001 Report on Asylum Seekers and Employment. http//www.dwp.gov.uk/Home Office Press Release 2002 Building a Safer Britain. 07/2002 267.Home Office Research Study. 2002 Understanding the decision-making of asylum seekers. Home Office Research Study 243. http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/immigration_research_pubs.htmlHome Office. 2001 Asylum Statistics United Kingdom 2001. Home Office National Statistics. Refugee Council. 2004 Tell It Like It Is The Truth About Asylum. http//www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/Refugee Council Oxfam. 200 Poverty and Asylum in the UK. http//www.refu geecouncil.org.uk/publications/pub007.htmpovertyUN. 1951 Convention Relating to the stipulation of Refugees. http//www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/o_c_ref.htmUNHCR 2005. Asylum Levels and Trends in Industralised Countries, 2004.http//www.unhcr.ch/statisticsWesminster Local Authority. 2005 Distributions Statistics 2004-5 London Asylum Seekers. http//www.wesminster.gov.uk/Appendix I London Local Authority Asylum Seeker Trends(Source http//www.westminster.gov.uk/)

Novel Approaches to DoS Impact Measurement

Novel Approaches to res publica Impact MeasurementJ.Anto Sylverster Jeyaraj, C.Suriya, R.SudhaAbstract everywhere the past few years Denial of service ( make) Attacks put one everywhere emerged as serious vulnerability for almost every internet Services. Existing approach to DoS impact measurement in Deter Testbeds equate service denial with slow discourse low throughput, high resource utilization, and high loss rate. These approaches be non varied, not duodecimal, not accurate because they fail to specify exact ranges of parameter determine that correspond to good or poor service prime(a) and they were not proven to correspond to pitying perception service denial. We propose Novel approaches to DoS impact that measure the quality of service experienced by users during an round off. Our novel approaches are quantitative, Versatile, accurate because they map QoS requirements for several applications into measurable vocation parameters with acceptable, scientific eithery d etermined thresholds, they apply to a wide range of attack scenarios, which we take the stand via Deter testbed experimentsKeywords Communication/network, Measurement techniques, performance of system, Network security1. INTRODUCTIONDenial of service (DoS) is a major threat. DoS severely disrupts ordered communication by exhausting some critical limited resource via packet floods or by sending malformed packets that cause network elements to crash. The large spell of devices, applications, and resources involved in communication offers a wide variety of mechanisms to deny service. Effects of DoS attacks are experienced by users as a host slowdown, service quality degradation, service degradation.DoS attacks have been studied through testbed experiments. Accurately measuring the impairment of service quality perceived by human clients during an attack is essential for evaluation and comparison of potential DoS abnegations, and for study of novel attacks. Researchers and develope rs need accurate, quantitative, and versatile. Accurate mensurables produce measures of service denial that near agree with a humans perception of service impairment in a similar scenario. Quantitative metrics define ranges of parameter values that signify service denial, using scientific guidelines. Versatile metrics apply to m either DoS scenarios regardless of the underlying mechanism for service denial, attack dynamics, legitimate traffic mix, or network topology.Existing approaches to DoS impact measurement fall short of these goals. They collect one or several traffic measurements and equal their commencement exercise-order statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, minimum, or maximum) or their distributions in the baseline and the attack case. Frequently used traffic measurements include the legitimate traffics request/ reception delay, legitimate actions durations, legitimate traffics goodput, throughput, or loss, and division of a critical resource between the legiti mate and the attack traffic. If a defense is being evaluated, these metrics are also used for its collateral damage. Lack of consensus on which measurements best reflect the DoS impact cause researchers to choose ones they note are the most relevant. Such metrics are not versatile, since each independent traffic measurement captures only one aspect of service denial. For example, a prolonged request/response time lead properly signal DoS for two-way applications such as electronic network, FTP, and DNS, but not for media traffic that is gauzy to one-way delay, packet loss, and jitter. The lack of common DoS impact metrics prevents comparison among published work. We further argue that the current measurement approaches are uncomplete quantitative nor accurate. Adhoc comparisons of measurement statistics or distributions only show how network traffic behaves differently under attack, but do not quantify which services have been denied and how severely. To our knowledge, no studi es show that existing metrics agree with human perception of service denial. We survey existing DoS impact metrics in incision 2.We propose a novel approach to DoS impact measurement. Our key insight is that DoS always causes degradation of service quality, and a metric that holistically captures a human users QoS perception will be applicable to all test scenarios. For each popular application, we specify its QoS requirements, consisting of relevant traffic measurements and equivalent thresholds that define good service ranges. We observe traffic as a collection of high-level tasks called consummations (defined in Section3). severally legitimate transaction is evaluated against its applications QoS requirements transactions that do not meet all the requirements are considered failed. We aggregate information about transaction failure into several intuitive qualitative and quantitative composite metrics to expose the precise interaction of the DoS attack with the legitimate traff ic. We describe our proposed approaches in Section 3. We demonstrate that our approaches meet the goals of being accurate, quantitative, and versatile through testbed experiments with multiple DoS scenarios and legitimate traffic mixes. Conclude in Section 5.2. EXISTING METRICSPrior DoS research has focused on measuring DoS through selected legitimate traffic parametersPacket loss, commerce throughput or goodput,Request/response delay,Transaction duration, andAllocation of resources.Researchers have used both simple metrics (single traffic parameter) and combinations of them to report the impact of an attack on the network. All existing metrics are not quantitative because they do not specify ranges of loss, throughput, delay, duration, or resource shares that correspond to service denial. Indeed, such values cannot be specified in general because they highly depend on the face of application whose traffic coexists with the attack 10 percent loss of VoIP traffic is devastating whil e 10 percent loss of DNS traffic is merely a glitch. All existing metrics are not versatile and we point out below the cases where they fail to measure service denial. They are inaccurate since they have not been proven to correspond to a human users perception of service denial.3. PROPOSED APPROACHES TO DOS IMPACT EASURMENT3.3 DoS MetricsWe aggregate the transaction success/failure measures into several intuitive composite metrics.Percentage of failed transactions (pft) per application type. This metric directly captures the impact of a DoS attack on network services by quantifying the QoS experienced by users. For each transaction that overlaps with the attack, we evaluate transaction success or failure applying Definition 3. A square(a) approach to the pft calculation is dividing the snatch of failed transactions by the number of all transactions during the attack. This produces biased results for clients that fetch transactions serially. If a client does not bewilder each re quest in a dedicated thread, timing of subsequent requests depends on the completion of previous requests. In this case, transaction density during an attack will be lower than without an attack, since transactions overlapping the attack will last longer. This skews the pft calculation because each success or failure has a higher(prenominal) capture on the pft value during an attack than in its absence. In our experiments, IRC and telnet clients suffered from this deficiency. To remedy this problem, we calculate the pft value as the difference between 1 (100 percent) and the ratio of the number of productive transactions divided by the number of all transactions that would have been initiated by a given application during the similar time if the attack were not present.The DoS-hist metric shows the histogram of pft measures across applications, and is helpful to understand each applications resilience to the attack.The DoS-level metric is the weighted average of pft measures for all applications of interest DoS-level =, where k spans all application categories, and wk is a weight associated with a category k. We introduced this metric because in some experiments it may be useful to produce a single number that describes the DoS impact. But we caution that DoS-level is highly dependent on the chosen application weights and thus can be biased.QoS-ratio is the ratio of the difference between a transactions traffic measurement and its corresponding threshold, divided by this threshold. The QoS metric for each successful transaction shows the user-perceived service quality, in the range (0, 1, where higher numbers indicate better quality. It is useful to evaluate service quality degradation during attacks. We compute it by averagingQoS-ratios for all traffic measurements of a given transaction that have defined thresholds. For failed transactions, we compute the related QoS-degrade metric, to quantify severity of service denial.QoS-degrade is the absolute value of QoS-ratio of that transactions measurement that exceeded its QoS threshold by the largest margin. This metric is in the range (0,1 .Intuitively, a value N of QoS-degrade means that the service of failed transactions was N measure worse than a user could tolerate. While arguably any denial is significant and there is no need to quantify its severity, perception of DoS is highly subjective. Low values of QoS-degrade (e.g., The failure ratio shows the region of live transactions in the current (1-second) interval that will fail in the future. The failure ratio is useful for evaluation of DoS defenses, to capture the stimulate of a defenses response, and for time-varying attacks . Transactions that are innate(p) during the attack are considered live until they complete successfully or fail. Transactions that are born before the attack are considered live after the attack starts. A failed transaction contributes to the failed transaction count in all intervals where it was live.4. EVALUATION IN TESTBED EXPERIMENTS We first evaluate our metrics in experiments on the DETER testbed 15. It allows security researchers to evaluate attacks and defences in a controlled environment. Fig. 2 shows our experimental topology. Four legitimate networks and two attack networks are connected via four core routers. Each legitimate network has four server nodes and two client nodes, and is connected to the core via an access router. associate between the access router and the core have 100-Mbps bandwidth and 10-40-ms delay, while other links have 1-Gbps bandwidth and no added delay. The location of blockades is chosen to mimic high-bandwidth local networks that connect over a limited access link to an over provisioned core. Attack networks host two attackers each, and connect directly to core routersFig.2.Experimental topology.4.1 Background TrafficEach client generates a mixture of Web, DNS, FTP, IRC, VoIP, ping, and telnet traffic. We used open-source servers and clients wh en possible to generate realistic traffic at the application, transport, and network level. For example, we used an Apache server and wget client for Web traffic, bind server and dig client for DNS traffic, etc. Telnet, IRC, and VoIP clients and the VoIP server were custom-built in Perl. Clients talk with servers in their own and adjacent networks. Fig. 2 shows the traffic patterns. Traffic patterns for IRC and VoIP differ because those application clients could not support multiple simultaneous connections. All attacks target the Web server in network 4 and cross its bottleneck link, so only this networks traffic should be impacted by the attacks. Illustrate our metrics in realistic traffic scenarios for various attacks. We special the topology from 8 to ensure that bottlenecks occur only before the attack target, to create more realistic attack conditions. We used a more artificial traffic mix , with regular service request arrivals and identical file sizes for each application, to clearly isolate and illustrate features of our metrics. Traffic parameters are chosen to produce the same transaction density in each application category (Table 3) roughly 100 transactions for each application during 1,300 seconds, which is the attack duration. All transactions follow in the absence of the attack.bottleneck links (more frequent variant) and 2) by generating a high packet rate that exhausts the CPU at a router leading to the target. We generate the first attack type a UDP bandwidth flood. Packet sizes had range 750 bytes,1.25 Kbytes and total packet rate was 200 Kpps. This generates a volume that is roughly 16 times the bottleneck bandwidth. The expected effect is that access link of network 4 will become congested and traffic between networks 1 and 4, and networks 3 and 4 will be denied service.5. CONCLUSIONSOne cannot understand a complex phenomenon like DoS without being able to measure it in an objective, accurate way. The work draw here defines accurate, q uantitative, and versatile metrics for measuring effectiveness of DoS attacks and defenses. Our approach is objective, reproducible, and applicable to a wide variety of attack and defense methodologies. Its value has been present in testbeds environments.Our approaches are usable by other researchers in their own work. They offer the first real opportunity to compare and contrast different DoS attacks and defenses on an objective head-to-head basis. We expect that this work will advance DoS research by providing a clear measure of success for any proposed defense, and helping researchers gain insight into strengths and weaknesses of their solutions.REFERENCES1 A. Yaar, A. Perrig, and D. Song, SIFF A Stateless Internet Flow Filter to Mitigate DDoS Flooding Attacks, Proc. IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy (SP), 2004.2 A. Kuzmanovic and E.W. Knightly, Low-Rate TCP-Targeted Denial of Service Attacks (The termagant versus the Mice and Elephants), Proc. ACM SIGCOMM 03, Aug. 2003.3 CERT Ad visory CA-1996-21 TCP SYN Flooding and IP Spoofing Attacks, CERT CC, http//www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1996-21.html, 1996.4 R. Mahajan, S.M. Bellovin, S. Floyd, J. Ioannidis, V. Paxson, and S. Shenker, Controlling High Bandwidth Aggregates in the Network, ACM Computer Comm. Rev., July 2001.5 G. Oikonomou, J. Mirkovic, P. Reiher, and M. Robinson, A Framework for Collaborative DDoS Defense, Proc. 11th Asia-Pacific Computer Systems Architecture Conf. (ACSAC 06), Dec. 2006.6 accommodative Association for Internet Data Analysis, CAIDA Web page,http//www.caida.org, 2008.7 MAWI Working Group Traffic Archive, WIDE Project, http//tracer.csl.sony.co.jp/mawi/, 20088 QoS Performance requirements for UMTS, The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Nortel Networks, http//www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_sa/WG1_Serv/TSGS1_03-HCourt/Docs/Docs/s1-99362.pdf, 2008.9 N. Bhatti, A. Bouch, and A. Kuchinsky, prize is in the Eye of the Beholder Meeting Users Requirements for Internet Quality of Service, Techni cal Report HPL-2000-4, Hewlett Packard, 2000.10 L. Yamamoto and J.G. Beerends, Impact of Network Performance Parameters on the End-to-End Perceived speech Quality, Proc.EXPERT ATM Traffic Symp., Sept. 1997.11 T. Beigbeder, R. Coughlan, C. Lusher, J. Plunkett, E. Agu, and M. Claypool, The Effects of Loss and Latency on User Performance in Unreal Tournament 2003, Proc. ACM Network and System Support for Games shop (NetGames), 2004.12 N. Sheldon, E. Girard, S. Borg, M. Claypool, and E. Agu, The Effect of Latency on User Performance in Warcraft III, Proc. ACM Network and System Support for Games Workshop (NetGames), 2003.13 B.N. Chun and D.E. Culler, User-Centric Performance Analysis of Market-Based Cluster Batch Schedulers, Proc. irregular IEEE Intl Symp. Cluster Computing and the GridProc. Second IEEE/ACM Intl Conf. Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID 02), may 2002.14 J. Ash, M. Dolly, C. Dvorak, A. Morton, P. Taraporte, and Y.E. Mghazli, Y.1541-QOSMY.1541 QoS Model for Networks Using Y.1541 QoS Classes, NSIS Working Group, Internet Draft,work in progress, May 2006.15 T. Benzel, R. Braden, D. Kim, C. Neuman, A. Joseph, K. Sklower,R. Ostrenga, and S. Schwab, Experiences with DETER A Testbed for Security Research, Proc. Second Intl IEEE/Create-Net Conf.Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities (TridentCOM 06), Mar. 2006.16 D.J. Bernstein, TCP 22 Syncookies, http//cr.yp.to/syncookies.html, 2008.

Examination of Macbeths Character :: essays research papers

Power can be taken, but not givenAn Examination of Macbeths Character in William Shakespeares Macbeth.Character develops itself in the well out of life. Individuals in society each contain unique fiber traits that are constantly evolving. In William Shakespeare?s Macbeth, Macbeth undergoes many tremendous changes in his character. Macbeth?s character changes throughout the play because of the murders of King Duncan, Banquo and Macduff?s family.First, Macbeth?s murder of King Duncan changes him by triggering his desire, revealing his fear and revealing his atone. For example, in his first appearance on stage, the Macbeth described as brave and noble has his ambition triggeredFirst Witch.All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, thane of GlamisSecond Witch.All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee, thane of CawdorThird Witch.All hail, Macbeth That shalt be might hereafterBanquo.Good sir, why do you start ? (Shakespeare I.iii.48-51)Clearly, Macbeth?s sudden movement at the news that he lead be kin g shows how his ambition is triggered. Macbeth is so excited that he starts, and Banquo notices this. In addition, Macbeth?s soliloquy in scene seven reveals his fears about killing DuncanMacbeth. But in these casesWe still throw off judgement here, that we but teachBloody instruction, which being taught, returnTo plague the inventor. (I.vii.7-10)Evidently, Macbeth is afraid of killing King Duncan because he believes if he performs an act of evil, then it will come back to haunt him. This is the first time in the play where Macbeth shows any sign of fear. Furthermore, the murder of King Duncan reveals a deep sense of regret within Macbeth ?To know my deed, ?twere best not know myself. / Wake Duncan with thy knocking I would thou could?st? (II.ii.73-75). Already, Macbeth is regretting killing King Duncan, and this drastically changes his character (before committing the murder he was confident due to Lady Macbeth?s persuasions). Thus, Macbeth?s murder of King Duncan changes h im by triggering his ambition, revealing his fear and revealing his regret.Second, the murder of Banquo changes Macbeth by causing psychological harm, creating unease within Macbeth, and making Macbeth determined to continue with his plan of evil. For example, at the feast Macbeth hosts, he sees the ghost of BanquoMacbeth.The table?s full.Lennox.Here is a deposit reserv?d, sir.Macbeth.Where?Lennox.Here, my good lord. What is?t that moves yourHighness?Macbeth.Which of you have done this?Lords.What, my good lord?Macbeth.Thou canst not say I did it never shake Thy gory locks at me.

Goodman Brown’s Loss of Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote Young Goodman Brown based on morals and what Easterly in lachrymal Imagery in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown calls spiritual maturity (Easterly 339). In the short story, Goodman Brown, a young Puritan leaves his wife of three months to watch a witch communion in the forest. During this point in time, Puritans based their lives on teachings of religion and morality therefore, witch-meetings were surely immoral, and they betrayed the commitment of God. Dwelling in the forest throughout the night, Goodman Brown experiences an item that changes his entire perspective of life. In one night, the event destroys his relationship with his wife Faith, isolates him from his neighbors, and destroys his ability to worship God(Easterly 339). Eventually, Goodman Brown dies without his faith, and they carved no hopeful compose upon his tombstone for his dying hour was gloom(Easterly 339). Before Brown leaves the house, Faith begs him to stay saying, ...put off your jo urney until sunrise, and sleep in your own bed to-night (Hawthorne 298), except of course, Brown ignores her plea and continues his journey anyhow. In the forest, he meets a man with a staff which bore the likeness of a great black snake (Hawthorne 299), an ultimate representation of evil. Surely, Goodman Brown knows that the witch meeting appears to be his destination. Walking through the forest, he pays close attention to every tree and every rock. As he proceeds his journey, Brown sights Faith and his moral and spiritual adviser, along with Deacon Gookin and the minister. He then notices Goody Cloyse, an old Christian woman (Hawthorne 300), belt along through the woods. Surely Browns suspicion begins to take over, now curious about... ... and spiritual maturity because he could not handle the fact that others worshiped the devil (those he sure as shooting did not expect). In this, Hawthorne tells us that the man who sheds no tears lives the rest of his life a sad man, whose dying hour was gloom (Easterly 339). Works Cited Easterly, Joan Elizabeth. lachrymal Imagery in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown. Studies in Short Fiction. 28 (1991) 339 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Fort Worth Harcourt, 1997. 298-308. Mikosh, Bert A. The Allegorical Goodman Brown. An American Literature Survey Site. September 1996. Segura, Giberto. The belief of Young Goodman Brown. An American Literature Survey Site. September 1996. (31 March 1999)